Low-viscosity antigen binding proteins and methods of making them

ABSTRACT

The present invention concerns a method for preparing antigen binding proteins with reduced viscosity. The method proceeds by replacing residues in high viscosity variable domain subfamilies with residues in correlating low viscosity subfamilies. The method further comprises substituting residues in the Fc domain with residues associated with low viscosity and adding charged residues to the C-terminus of the Fc domain. The present invention further concerns antigen binding proteins produced by this method.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371of International Application No. PCT/US17/053967, having aninternational filing date of Sep. 28, 2017, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/546,469, filed on Aug. 16, 2017;U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/430,773, filed on Dec. 6, 2016; andU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/401,770, filed Sep. 29, 2016, eachof which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for allpurposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to biopharmaceuticals, particularly totherapeutic antigen binding proteins, methods of use thereof,pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and processes of making them. Inparticular, this invention relates to antigen binding proteins,particularly antibodies, mutated to reduce viscosity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

Incorporated herein by reference in its entirety is a Sequence Listingentitled, “2063-US-PCT_ST25_SEQ_LIST_032819”, comprising SEQ ID NO:1through SEQ ID NO:383, which includes nucleic acid and/or amino acidsequences disclosed herein. The Sequence Listing has been submittedherein in ASCII text format via EFS, and thus constitutes both the paperand computer readable form thereof. The Sequence Listing was createdusing PatentIn on Mar. 28, 2019, and is 519 KB in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Currently, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the most popular modality ofmodern therapeutic proteins on the market and under development. Thedifferences between antibodies are predominantly in the antigen bindingdomains or complementary determining regions (CDRs). These differencesin the CDRs are thought to result in differences in transientprotein-protein interaction propensity that manifest themselves as bulksolution viscosity. Several groups have described the presence ofreversible clusters of antibodies in viscous antibody solutions(predominantly dimers). Several theoretical descriptions of polymerviscosity have been proposed to explain the interactions of theseclusters as a mechanism for bulk solution viscosity behavior.

Antibodies usually work as antagonists and, therefore, large amounts,often exceeding 100 mg per dose, are required to block undesirableinteractions. For patient comfort, a single subcutaneous injection of a1 mL volume is the most preferred mode of administration. The need toadminister large amounts of mAbs in a relatively small volume hasrequired high concentration formulations at or exceeding 100 mg/ml.Antibodies are large biopolymers with molecular weights of about 150kDa, and their high concentrations result in high sheer stress and highviscosity due to protein-protein and protein-wall interactions duringfiltration and passage through the injection needles and in subcutaneousspace. High viscosity presents challenges in the manufacture oftherapeutic antigen binding proteins as well as in their administrationto patients, including prohibitively high back pressure duringinjections leading to malfunction of injections devices, difficulty ofmanual administration, decreased bio-availability and patientdiscomfort.

The development and use of high concentration therapeutic monoclonalantibody solutions has accelerated as the cost of biopharmaceuticalproduction has decreased. In some cases, these antibody solutionspossess viscous solution attributes that can make manufacturing andadministration of the intended dose challenging. The differences in theCDRs that appear to determine if an antibody is “viscous” or “notviscous” are likely related to the propensity of the CDRs to driveprotein-protein interaction.

Significant efforts are underway in the industry to understand thenature of interactions leading to high viscosity and to reduce theviscosity of high viscosity antibody formulations. The most importantparameters affecting viscosity of the antibody formulations include:

-   -   intermolecular interactions defined by the pI of the protein and        the pH of the solution. Cheng et al. (2013), “Linking the        solution viscosity of an IgG2 monoclonal antibody to its        structure as a function of pH and temperature,” J. Pharm Sci.        102: 4291-4304.    -   Charge interactions. Yadav et al. (2012), “Viscosity behavior of        high-concentration monoclonal antibody solutions: correlation        with interaction parameter and electroviscous effects,” J. Pharm        Sci. 101: 998-1011; Yadav et al. (2012), “The influence of        charge distribution on self-association and viscosity behavior        of monoclonal antibody solutions.” Mol Pharm 9(4): 791-802;        Singh et al. (2014), “Dipole-Dipole Interaction in Antibody        Solutions: Correlation with Viscosity Behavior at High        Concentration,” Pharm Res. 31(9): 2549-2558; Chaudhri et al.        (2013), “The role of amino acid sequence in the self-association        of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: insights from        coarse-grained modeling,” J. Phys. Chem. B 117: 1269-1279.    -   Hydrophobic interactions. Guo et al. (2012), “Structure-activity        relationship for hydrophobic salts as viscosity-lowering        excipients for concentrated solutions of monoclonal antibodies,”        Pharm Res 29: 3102-3109.

The highest solution viscosity was observed under conditions with themost negative diffusion interaction parameter kD, the highest apparentradius and the lowest net charge. Neergaard et al. (2013), “Viscosity ofhigh concentration protein formulations of monoclonal antibodies of theIgG1 and IgG4 subclass—prediction of viscosity through protein-proteininteraction measurements,” Eur. J. Pharm Sci. 49: 400-410. The diffusioninteraction parameter (kD), a component of the osmotic second virialcoefficient (B(2)) correlated well (R>0.9) with the viscosity ofconcentrated mAb solutions, while the mAb net charge correlated weakly(R<0.6), indicating that weak intermolecular interactions are importantin governing the viscoelastic behavior of concentrated mAb solutions.Connolly, et al. (2012), “Weak interactions govern the viscosity ofconcentrated antibody solutions: high-throughput analysis using thediffusion interaction parameter,” Biophys. J. 103: 69-78. In a studyreported in this specification, primary sequences linked to 3D structurewere utilized. See Honegger et al. (2001), “Yet another numbering schemefor immunoglobulin variable domains: an automatic modeling and analysistool,” J. Mol. Biol. 309: 657-670. Viscosity values of several mAbmolecules were measured to develop a model for viscosity prediction ofmAbs via machine learning algorithms. Structural position, charge andhydrophobicity were the main parameters of amino acids utilized for themodel.

Viscosity of monoclonal antibodies was assessed using molecularinformation in the following articles: Li, L. et al. (2014),“Concentration dependent viscosity of monoclonal antibody solutions:explaining experimental behavior in terms of molecular properties,”Pharm. Res. 31: 3161-3178; and Sharma et al. (2014), “In silicoselection of therapeutic antibodies for development: viscosity,clearance, and chemical stability,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 111:18601-6.

The net result of the interactions between antibodies is either anextended transient network of interactions (a percolating network) thatresult in a viscous solution or the formation of larger oligomers thatthen somehow influence the solution rheology as larger structures. Instudies reported in this specification, a small number of viscousantibodies was used as the subject for biochemical and biophysicalanalysis in an attempt to deduce specific protein-protein interactionsthat might lead to a viscous antibody solution.

The Aho numbering approach was utilized in the past to improve stabilityand other biophysical properties. Ewert et al. (2003), “Structure-basedimprovement of the biophysical properties of immunoglobulin VH domainswith a generalizable approach,” Biochemistry 42: 1517-1528; Ewert et al.(2003), “Biophysical properties of human antibody variable domains,” J.Mol. Biol. 325: 531-553; Ewert et al. (2004), “Stability improvement ofantibodies for extracellular and intracellular applications: CDRgrafting to stable frameworks and structure-based frameworkengineering,” Methods 34: 184-199; and Rothlisberger et al. (2005),“Domain interactions in the Fab fragment: a comparative evaluation ofthe single-chain Fv and Fab format engineered with variable domains ofdifferent stability,” J Mol. Biol. 347: 773-789. The Aho numberingsystem was also utilized in the past to reduce propensity foraggregaton. Borras et al. (2013), U.S. Pat. No. 8,545,849.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to methods for reducing viscosity of antigenbinding proteins by modifying sequences in framework regions and/or theFc domain that are shown to be associated with high viscosity.

In the process details which follow, all variable region amino acids areidentified by Aho numbering, all amino acids from conserved regions areidentified by EU numbering. Aho numbering is aligned and correlated withthe other main numbering schemes including EU (Edelman et al. (1969),“The covalent structure of an entire gamma immunoglobulin molecule,”Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 63, 78-85), Kabat (Kabat et al. (1991),Sequences of proteins of immunological interest, Fifth Edition. NIHPublication No. 91-3242), Chothia (Chothia et al., (1992), “Structuralrepertoire of the human VH segments,” J. Mol. Biol. 227: 799-817);(Tomlinson et al., (1995), “The structural repertoire of the human Vkappa domain,” EMBO J 14: 4628-4638). Any of the four numbering systemscan be interchangeably used to identify the preferred amino acidsubstitutions described in this specification.

If the antigen binding protein comprises the VH1|1-18 germlinesubfamily, the method comprises modifying the VH1 sequence to compriseone or more substitutions selected from 82X¹, 94X², and 95X³, wherein X¹is a basic residues (R, K or H), X² is a polar, uncharged residue (S, T,N or Q) and X³ is a basic residue (R, K, or H). All residues areidentified by the Aho numbering system. Preferred mutations for theVH1|1-18 germline subfamily are 82R, 94S, and 95R. The method as appliedto the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily may further comprise substitution59X²⁰ wherein X²⁰ is a basic residue (R, K or H), with the mutation 59Kpreferred.

If the antigen binding protein comprises the VH3|3-33 germlinesubfamily, the method comprises modifying the VH3 sequence to compriseone or more substitutions selected from 1X⁴, 17X⁵, and 85X⁶, wherein X⁴is a charged negative residue (D or E), X⁵ is a small hydrophobicresidue (G, A, V, I, L, or M), and X⁶ is a small hydrophobic residue(G.A, V, I, L, or M). All residues are identified by the Aho numberingsystem. Preferred mutations for the VH3|3-33 germline subfamily are 1E,17G, and 85A.

If the antigen binding protein comprises the VK3|L16 germline subfamily,the method comprises modifying the VK3 sequence to comprise one or moresubstitutions selected from 4X¹⁰, 13X¹¹, 76X¹², 78F, 95X¹³, 97X¹⁴, and98P, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹¹ is selectedfrom G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹² is selected from D and E, X¹³ is selectedfrom R, K and H, and X¹⁴ is selected from D and E. All residues areidentified by the Aho numbering system. Preferred mutations for theVK3|L16 germline subfamily are 4L, 13L, 76D, 95R, 97E, and 98P.

If the antigen binding protein comprises the VK3|L6 germline subfamily,the method comprises modifying the VK3 sequence to comprise one or moresubstitutions selected from 76X¹² and 95X¹³. Preferred mutations for theVK3|L6 germline subfamily are 76D and 95R.

The methods of this invention further comprise modifying the Fc domainto comprise one or more substitutions selected from 253X¹⁵, 440X¹⁶, and439X¹⁷, wherein X¹⁵ is a small hydrophobic residue (G, A, V, I, L, orM), X¹⁶ is a basic residue (R, K, or H), and X¹⁷ is a charged negativeresidue (D or E), wherein the Fc domain sequence comprises only one of440X¹⁶ and 439X¹⁷. All residues are identified by the EU numberingsystem. Preferred mutations of the Fc domain are 253A, 440K, and 439E.

The methods of this invention further comprise modifying the C-terminusof the Fc domain sequence to comprise X¹⁸X¹⁹ wherein X¹⁸ is one to fouramino acids selected from D and E or from H, K, and R, and X¹⁹ isselected from P, M, G, A, V, I, L, S, T, N, Q, F, Y and W and is absentwhen X¹⁸ comprises D or E, is present when X¹⁸ comprises K or R at itsC-terminal end, and is present or absent when X¹⁸ comprises H at itsC-terminal end. Preferred Fc C-terminal modifications comprise KP, KKP,KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), E or EE at the C-terminus.

The foregoing methods are preferably applied to the high viscosityantibodies shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B hereinafter. The part of the methodinvolving the VH1|1-18 sequence is preferably applied to antibodies AF,AK, AL, AN, and AO from FIG. 1B. The part of the method involving theVH3|3-33 sequence is preferably applied to antibodies AQ, AM, AI, and AGfrom FIG. 1B. The part of the method involving the VK3|L16 sequence ispreferably applied to antibodies AF and AQ from FIG. 1B. The part of themethod involving the VK3|L6 sequence is preferably applied to antibodyAJ.

The methods of this invention further comprise a method of preparing anantigen binding protein that reaches maximum serum concentration fasterthan does a parental antibody when the antigen binding protein and theparental antibody are administered at the same concentration, whichcomprises introducing sequence modification 440X¹⁶ in the parentalantibody wherein X¹⁶ is selected from R, K, and H. In a preferredmethod, the sequence-modified antigen binding protein reaches maximumserum concentration after subcutaneous injection at least twice as fastas the parental antibody. Also within this invention is a method ofpreparing an antigen binding protein that reaches a maximum serumconcentration after subcutaneous injection that is higher than that of aparental antibody when the antigen binding protein and the parentalantibody are administered at the same concentration, which comprisesintroducing sequence modification 440X¹⁶ in the parental antibodywherein X¹⁶ is selected from R, K, and H. In a preferred method, thesequence-modified antigen binding protein reaches a maximum serumconcentration that is at least about 25% higher than that of theparental antibody. In each of these methods, the preferred X¹⁶ is K andthe preferred parental antibody is a PCSK9 polypeptide (antibody AK mostpreferred).

The invention further relates to a mutant antigen binding protein, whichcomprises one or more sequences selected from:

-   -   a. a VH1|1-18 germline subfamily sequence comprising one or more        substitutions selected from 82X¹, 94X², and 95X³, wherein X¹ is        selected from R, K and H, X² is selected from S, T, N and Q and        X³ is selected from R, K, and H;    -   b. a VH3|3-33 germline subfamily sequence comprising one or more        substitutions selected from 1X⁴, 17X⁵, and 85X⁶, wherein X⁴ is        selected from D and E, X⁵ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M,        and X⁶ is selected from G.A, V, I, L, and M;    -   c. a VK3|L16 germline subfamily, comprising one or more        substitutions selected from 4X¹⁰, 13X¹¹, 76X¹², 78F, 95X¹³,        97X¹⁴, and 98P, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and        M, X¹¹ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹² is selected        from D and E, X¹³ is selected from R, K and H, and X¹⁴ is        selected from D and E, wherein the mutant antigen binding        protein does not comprise only substitution 78F;    -   d. a VK3|L6 germline subfamily, comprising one or more        substitutions selected from 76X¹² and 95X¹³;    -   e. an Fc domain sequence comprising one or more substitutions        selected from 253X¹⁰ 440X¹¹, and 439X¹², wherein X¹⁰ is selected        from G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹¹ is selected from R, K, and H, and        X¹² is selected from D and E, wherein the antigen binding        protein comprises at least one of 253X¹⁵ or modifications        selected from subparagraphs a, b, c, d and f when X¹⁶ is K and        X¹⁷ is E and the antigen binding protein specifically binds        CD20; and    -   f. an Fc domain sequence comprising at the C-terminus X¹⁸X¹⁹        wherein X¹⁸ is one to four amino acids selected from D and E or        from H, K, and R, and X¹⁹ is selected from P, M, G, A, V, I, L,        S, T, N, Q, F, Y and W and is absent when X¹⁸ comprises D or E,        is present when X¹⁸ comprises K or R at its C-terminal end, and        is present or absent when X¹⁸ comprises H at its C-terminal end,        and wherein the antigen binding protein comprises at least one        of 253X¹⁵ or substitutions selected from subparagraphs a through        e when PGKP (SEQ ID NO:381), PGKKP (SEQ ID NO:382), PGKKKP (SEQ        ID NO:383), or PGE appears at the C-terminus and the antigen        binding protein specifically binds CD20 or CD38. Preferred Fc        C-terminal modifications comprise KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380),        E or EE at the C-terminus;        wherein the variable region amino acids are numbered according        to the Aho numbering system and all amino acids from conserved        regions including Fc are according to EU numbering.

Preferred antigen binding proteins in accordance with this invention arethose wherein the foregoing modifications are applied to antibodies ofFIGS. 1A and 1B hereinafter. Also preferred are antigen binding proteinswherein:

the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily sequence comprises one or moresubstitutions selected from 82R, 94S, and 95R, with antigen bindingproteins having all such substitutions most preferred;

the VH3|3-33 germline subfamily sequence comprises one or more ofsubstitutions 1E, 17G, and 85A, with antigen binding proteins having allsuch substitutions most preferred;

the VK3|L16 germline subfamily sequence comprises one or moresubstitutions selected from 4L, 13L, 76D, 95R, 97E, and 98P, withantigen binding proteins having all such substitutions most preferred;

the VK3|L6 germline subfamily sequence comprises one or moresubstitutions selected from 76D and 95R, with antigen binding proteinshaving both such substitutions most preferred;

the Fc domain sequence comprises one or more substitutions selected from253A, 440K, and 439E, with antigen binding proteins having all suchsubstitutions most preferred; and

the Fc domain C-terminus comprises a sequence selected from KP, KKP,KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.

All of the foregoing preferred amino acid substitutions in variableregions are identified by the Aho numbering system. All residues inconserved regions including Fc are identified by the EU numberingsystem.

Preferred antigen binding proteins in accordance with this inventioninclude: antibodies AF, AK, AL, AN and AO from FIG. 1B having one ormore, most preferably all, of the foregoing VH1|1-18 germline subfamilysubstitutions; antibodies AQ, AM, AI, and AG from FIG. 1B having one ormore, most preferably all, of the VH3|3-33 germline subfamilysubstitutions; antibodies AF and AQ having one or more, most preferablyall, of the VK3|L16 germline subfamily substitutions; antibody AJ fromFIG. 1B having one or more, most preferably all, of the VK3|L6 germlinesubfamily substitutions; and antibodies BA, AH, and AN from FIG. 1Bhaving one or more, preferably all, of the Fc substitutions noted above.

Due to the foregoing sequence modifications, the invention furtherrelates to antigen binding proteins that specifically bind to PCSK9comprising a heavy chain sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 352, 353,354, 366, and 368, preferably also comprising a light chain sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 351.

Due to the foregoing sequence modifications, the invention also relatesto antigen binding proteins that specifically bind c-fms comprising aheavy chain sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 356, 357, and 358,preferably further comprising a light chain sequence of SEQ ID NO: 355.

Due to the foregoing sequence modifications, the invention also relatesto antigen binding proteins that specifically bind GIPR comprising aheavy chain sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 359, 361, 362, 364, and368, preferably further comprising a light chain sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOS: 360, 363, 365, and 367.

All modified antigen binding proteins are useful for the sameindications as described previously for the unmodified antibodies.

Each of the antigen binding proteins from FIGS. 1A and 1B having mutatedheavy chains is preferred to further comprise a light chain sequence asnoted in the unmodified parent antibody of FIGS. 1A and 1B. Each of theforegoing antigen binding proteins having a mutated light chain ispreferred to further comprise a heavy chain sequence as noted above oras appearing in the unmodified parent antibody of FIGS. 1A and 1B.

The invention further comprises antigen binding proteins as describedabove that have improved pharmacokinetic properties. The inventioncomprises an antigen binding protein optionally having any of theaforementioned sequence modifications wherein:

-   -   a. the antigen binding protein comprises the sequence        modification 440X¹⁶ relative to a parental antibody lacking the        440X¹⁶ sequence modification,    -   b. the antigen binding protein reaches maximum serum        concentration after subcutaneous injection faster than does the        parental antibody when the antigen binding protein and the        parental antibody are administered at the same concentration,        and    -   c. the antigen binding protein reaches a maximum serum        concentration after subcutaneous injection that is higher than        that of the parental antibody when the antigen binding protein        and the parental antibody are administered at the same        concentration.        The preferred parental antibody for such an antigen binding        protein is a PCSK9 binding polypeptide, with antibody AK most        preferred. The preferred substituent X¹⁶ in such an antigen        binding protein is K. Further within this invention is a method        of treating hypercholesterolemia with such an antigen binding        protein.

The invention also relates to isolated nucleic acids encoding theantigen binding proteins of the invention, as well as vectors comprisingthe nucleic acids, host cells comprising the vectors, and methods ofmaking and using the antigen binding proteins.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides compositionscomprising the antigen binding proteins and kits comprising the antigenbinding proteins, as well as articles of manufacture comprising theantigen binding proteins.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B show a table of viscosity values measured for IgG1 andIgG2 monoclonal antibodies formulated at 150 mg/mL in a formulationbuffer including 20 mM acetate and 9% sucrose at pH 5.2 (withoutpolysorbate). FIGS. 1A and 1B show the targets of the antibodies studiedas well as their light and heavy chain types, germline subfamilies,concentration, pI, and viscosity. Each antibody in FIGS. 1A and 1B hasthe amino acid sequences as noted in the figures and the SequenceListing. The heavy and light chain amino acid sequences are encoded bynucleic acids having the SEQ ID NOS immediately preceding them in theSequence Listing.

FIGS. 1C and 1D show the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NOS)for the framework regions and Fc regions of the antibodies of FIGS. 1Aand 1B. FIG. 1D also shows antibody BA, which is discussed in FIG. 17.

FIG. 2 shows high viscosity and low viscosity subtype pairs identifiedin this specification.

FIG. 3 shows expression results for AK and AO antibody molecules andtheir mutants, including relative values for titer, final viable celldensity (VCD) and viability at harvest after 7 days of cell culture. AKvalues are at 100%.

FIG. 4 shows potency of AK parent antibodies (AK control, AK) and theirmutants.

FIG. 5 shows viscosity of mutants relative to the parent AK and AOantibodies. Average viscosity values of high viscosity VH1|1-18 and lowviscosity VH1|1-02 from the set of 43 antibodies are also shown forcomparison.

FIG. 6 shows measured viscosity values of mAbs of the high viscosityVH1|1-18 and the low viscosity VH1|1-02 subtypes versus calculated wholemolecule pI values. The low-viscosity mutants of AK and AO antibodiesare also shown.

FIG. 7 shows measured viscosity values of mAbs of the high viscosityVH3|3-33 and the low viscosity VH3|3-07 subtypes versus calculated wholemolecule pI. The low-viscosity mutant AQ (1, 17, 85) is also shown.

FIG. 8 shows measured viscosity values of mAbs with high viscosityVK3|L16 and VK3|L6 subfamilies and the low viscosity VK3|A27 subfamilyversus calculated whole molecule pI values. The low-viscosity mutant AQ(4 13 76 95 97 98) is also shown.

FIG. 9 is a table showing global sequence parameters of mAbs highviscosity VH1|1-18 and low viscosity VH1|1-02 subtypes (germlines). ThemAbs in FIG. 9 are sorted by viscosity. The table includes their mAbsymbols, measured viscosity values, calculated pI values, and VL and VHgermlines. For VH germlines, higher viscosity VH1|1-18 are shown in boldand underlined. Heavy chain framework 3 sequences are shown. Residuescorrelating with high viscosity are in bold and underlined. VBasesequences are added for VH1|1-18 and VH1|1-02 germline subfamilies forcomparison to illustrate that the different residues are typicalresidues for the subfamilies.

FIG. 10 is a table showing produced and characterized mutants of the AKand AO antibodies.

FIG. 11 is a table showing global sequence parameters of thirteen mAbswith VH3 heavy chains. FIG. 11 includes the mAb symbols, measuredviscosity values, calculated pI values, HC and LC types, and VL and VHsubtypes (germlines). Higher viscosity VH3|3-33 subfamily is shown inbold and underlined. Residues correlating with high viscosity are boldand underlined. VBase sequences are added for VH3|3-33 and VH3|3-07germline subfamilies for comparison to illustrate that the differentresidues are typical for those subfamilies.

FIG. 12 is a table showing global sequence parameters of fourteen mAbswith VK3 light chains. The mAbs in FIG. 12 are sorted by viscosity,including their mAb symbols, measured viscosity values, calculated pIvalues, HC and LC types, and VL and VH subtypes (germlines). Higherviscosity VK3|L16 and VK3|L6 subfamilies are in bold and underlined.Light chain residues that are consistently different between VK3|L16 andVK3|L6 subfamilies as compared to the VK3|A27 subfamily are shown on theright side. Residues correlating with high viscosity in the VK3|L16 andVK3|L6 subfamilies are bold and underlined. VBase sequences are addedfor VK3|L16 and VK3|A27 germline subfamilies for comparison toillustrate that the different residues are typical residues for thesubfamilies.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show average values for measured viscosity andcalculated pI values for intact antibody molecules containing thespecified heavy chain and light chain germline families and germlinesubfamilies of VH1, VH3 and VK3. The X-axis contains families and thenumber of members in each family and subfamily.

FIG. 14A shows that mutations in the Fc-Fc interaction surface candecrease solution viscosity. The viscosity of concentrations of antibodyAK and antibody AK mutants 1253A and S440K are shown.

FIG. 14B shows that a double mutant that restores wild type complementactivity also restores wild type viscosity. The figure shows theviscosity of concentrations of antibody AK, antibody AK mutant 1253A,antibody AK mutant S440K, and antibody AK double mutant K439E/S440K. Thefigure also shows the viscosity of antibody AK mutant K439E, antibody AKmutant H433A, and antibody AK mutant N434A which do not decreaseviscosity relative to the antibody AK parent.

FIG. 15 is a table showing the absolute and relative viscosity values ofparent antibody AK and various mutants. The parent antibody AK and themutants are used in a nonhuman primate study of the pharmacokinetics andpharmacodynamics of antibody AK and low viscosity mutants.

FIG. 16 is a schematic of EDC chemical cross-linking (see Example 2).

FIG. 17 is a table showing the viscosity of proteins selected for Fcmutations to lower viscosity variants.

FIG. 18 shows concentration-dependent formation of antibody systemoligomers by EDC chemical cross-linking of antibody AH.

FIG. 19A shows that a S440K mutation in the Fc region reduces viscosityin antibody AQ. (Note that the concentration of the mutant is actually150 mg/mL.) FIG. 19B is a scatter plot of the same data with anexponential fit. The diamonds in FIG. 19B denote the unmodified antibodyAQ at the concentrations shown and the square shows the S440K mutant at150 mg/mL.

FIG. 20A is a table showing produced and characterized mutants ofantibody AQ, including measured concentration and viscosity.

FIG. 20B shows cAMP response of 293/huGIPR cells expressing human GIPreceptors activated by GIP and blocked by the anti-GIPR antibodies. Thein vitro cAMP activity was equally unaffected by viscosity mutations.The potency remained the same within the error margin of the assay.

FIG. 21 shows a summary of the experimental design for a single-dosesubcutaneous bolus pharmacokinetic study in male cynomolgus monkeys asdescribed in further detail in a working example hereinafter.

FIG. 22 shows mean pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of antibody AK orlow viscosity mutant homologues after subcutaneous administration of 10mg/kg to male cynomolgus monkeys (N=4 males). Introduction of a mutationin the Fc region that reduces viscosity reduces Tmax and increases Cmax.

FIG. 23 shows the percentage of LDL-C compared to pretest (Day CLAB). *Percent change is expressed as the individual animal post-dose valuedivided by the Day 1 pretest value. All four antibodies (parent antibodyAK, AK Fc mutant, AK Fab mutant and AK double Fc/Fab mutant) all inducereductions in LDL-C.

FIGS. 24A and 24B show a pharmacokinetic profile (μg/mL) withcorresponding low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration (mg/dL)profile in plasma. LDL concentrations and test article serumconcentrations are presented as mean values from four animals. Solidcircles with a solid line indicate the serum concentrations of theparent antibody AK. Open squares with a dashed line indicate the serumconcentrations of the antibody bearing the Fab mutation. Solid triangleswith a solid line indicate the serum concentrations of the antibodybearing the Fc mutation. Open diamonds with a dashed line indicate theserum concentrations of the antibody bearing both the Fab and Fcmutations. These data indicate that presence of a mutation in the Fcregion that reduces viscosity of the antibody formulation results in areduced time to Tmax and a higher Cmax. All the mutant forms of theparent antibody retain the ability to lower serum LDL-C(lower panel).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definition of Terms

In the description that follows, a number of terms are used extensively.The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding ofthe invention.

Unless otherwise specified, “a”, “an”, “the”, and “at least one” areused interchangeably and mean one or more than one.

“Antigen binding protein” refers to a protein or polypeptide thatcomprises an antigen-binding region or antigen-binding portion that hasa strong affinity for another molecule to which it binds (antigen).Antigen-binding proteins encompass antibodies, peptibodies, antibodyfragments (e.g., Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv, single domain antibody),antibody derivatives, antibody analogs, fusion proteins, and antigenreceptors including chimeric antigen receptors (CARs).

“Antibodies” (Abs) and “immunoglobulins” (Igs) are glycoproteins havingthe same structural characteristics. While antibodies exhibit bindingspecificity to a specific antigen, immunoglobulins include bothantibodies and other antibody-like molecules that lack antigenspecificity. Polypeptides of the latter kind are, for example, producedat low levels by the lymph system and at increased levels by myelomas.Thus, as used herein, the term “antibody” or “antibody peptide(s)”refers to an intact antibody, an antibody that competes for specificbinding with an antibody disclosed in this specification, or anantigen-binding fragment (e.g., Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, Fv, single domainantibody) thereof that competes with the intact antibody for specificbinding and includes chimeric, humanized, fully human, and bispecificantibodies. In certain embodiments, antigen-binding fragments areproduced, for example, by recombinant DNA techniques. In additionalembodiments, antigen-binding fragments are produced by enzymatic orchemical cleavage of intact antibodies. Antigen-binding fragmentsinclude, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab)², F(ab′)², Fv, andsingle-chain antibodies. Examples of antibodies suitable for use in theinvention include, without limitation, the antibodies listed in FIGS. 1Aand 1B as well as Abagovomab, Abciximab, Actoxumab, Adalimumab,Afelimomab, Afutuzumab, Alacizumab, Alacizumab pegol, ALD518,Alemtuzumab, Alirocumab, Alemtuzumab, Altumomab, Amatuximab, Anatumomabmafenatox, Anrukinzumab, Apolizumab, Arcitumomab, Aselizumab, Altinumab,Atlizumab, Atorolimiumab, tocilizumab, Bapineuzumab, Basiliximab,Bavituximab, Bectumomab, Belimumab, Benralizumab, Bertilimumab,Besilesomab, Bevacizumab, Bezlotoxumab, Biciromab, Bivatuzumab,Bivatuzumab mertansine, Blinatumomab, Blosozumab, Brentuximab vedotin,Briakinumab, Brodalumab, Canakinumab, Cantuzumab mertansine, Cantuzumabmertansine, Caplacizumab, Capromab pendetide, Carlumab, Catumaxomab,CC49, Cedelizumab, Certolizumab pegol, Cetuximab, Citatuzumab bogatox,Cixutumumab, Clazakizumab, Clenoliximab, Clivatuzumab tetraxetan,Conatumumab, Crenezumab, CR6261, Dacetuzumab, Daclizumab, Dalotuzumab,Daratumumab, Demcizumab, Denosumab, Detumomab, Dorlimomab aritox,Drozitumab, Duligotumab, Dupilumab, Ecromeximab, Eculizumab, Edobacomab,Edrecolomab, Efalizumab, Efungumab, Elotuzumab, Elsilimomab,Enavatuzumab, Enlimomab pegol, Enokizumab, Enokizumab, Enoticumab,Enoticumab, Ensituximab, Epitumomab cituxetan, Epratuzumab, Erenumab,Erlizumab, Ertumaxomab, Etaracizumab, Etrolizumab, Evolocumab,Exbivirumab, Exbivirumab, Fanolesomab, Faralimomab, Farletuzumab,Fasinumab, FBTAO5, Felvizumab, Fezakinumab, Ficlatuzumab, Figitumumab,Flanvotumab, Fontolizumab, Foralumab, Foravirumab, Fresolimumab,Fulranumab, Futuximab, Galiximab, Ganitumab, Gantenerumab, Gavilimomab,Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, Gevokizumab, Girentuximab, Glembatumumab vedotin,Golimumab, Gomiliximab, GS6624, Ibalizumab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan,Icrucumab, Igovomab, Imciromab, Imgatuzumab, Inclacumab, Indatuximabravtansine, Infliximab, Intetumumab, Inolimomab, Inotuzumab ozogamicin,Ipilimumab, Iratumumab, Itolizumab, Ixekizumab, Keliximab, Labetuzumab,Lebrikizumab, Lemalesomab, Lerdelimumab, Lexatumumab, Libivirumab,Ligelizumab, Lintuzumab, Lirilumab, Lorvotuzumab mertansine,Lucatumumab, Lumiliximab, Mapatumumab, Maslimomab, Mavrilimumab,Matuzumab, Mepolizumab, Metelimumab, Milatuzumab, Minretumomab,Mitumomab, Mogamulizumab, Morolimumab, Motavizumab, Moxetumomabpasudotox, Muromonab-CD3, Nacolomab tafenatox, Namilumab, Naptumomabestafenatox, Namatumab, Natalizumab, Nebacumab, Necitumumab,Nerelimomab, Nesvacumab, Nimotuzumab, Nivolumab, Nofetumomab merpentan,Ocaratuzumab, Ocrelizumab, Odulimomab, Ofatumumab, Olaratumab,Olokizumab, Omalizumab, Onartuzumab, Oportuzumab monatox, Oregovomab,Orticumab, Otelixizumab, Oxelumab, Ozanezumab, Ozoralizumab,Pagibaximab, Palivizumab, Panitumumab, Panobacumab, Parsatuzumab,Pascolizumab, Pateclizumab, Patritumab, Pemtumomab, Perakizumab,Pertuzumab, Pexelizumab, Pidilizumab, Pintumomab, Placulumab, Ponezumab,Prezalumab, Priliximab, Pritumumab, PRO 140, Quilizumab, Racotumomab,Radretumab, Rafivirumab, Ramucirumab, Ranibizumab, Raxibacumab,Regavirumab, Reslizumab, Rilotumumab, Rituximab, Robatumumab, Roledumab,Romosozumab, Rontalizumab, Rovelizumab, Ruplizumab, Samalizumab,Sarilumab, Satumomab pendetide, Secukinumab, Sevirumab, Sibrotuzumab,Sifalimumab, Siltuximab, Simtuzumab, Siplizumab, Sirukumab, Solanezumab,Solitomab, Sonepcizumab, Sontuzumab, Stamulumab, Sulesomab, Suvizumab,Tabalumab, Tacatuzumab tetraxetan, Tadocizumab, Talizumab, Tanezumab,Taplitumomab paptox, Tefibazumab, Telimomab aritox, Tenatumomab,Tefibazumab, Telimomab aritox, Tenatumomab, Teneliximab, Teplizumab,Teprotumumab, Tezepelumab, TGN1412, Tremelimumab, Ticilimumab,Tildrakizumab, Tigatuzumab, TNX-650, Tocilizumab, Toralizumab,Tositumomab, Tralokinumab, Trastuzumab, TRBS07, Tregalizumab,Tremelimumab, Tucotuzumab celmoleukin, Tuvirumab, Ublituximab, Urelumab,Urtoxazumab, Ustekinumab, Vapaliximab, Vatelizumab, Vedolizumab,Veltuzumab, Vepalimomab, Vesencumab, Visilizumab, Volociximab,Vorsetuzumab mafodotin, Votumumab, Zalutumumab, Zanolimumab, Zatuximab,Ziralimumab and Zolimomab aritox.

The term “isolated antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody thathas been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component ofits natural environment. Contaminant components of its naturalenvironment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic ortherapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones,and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes. In preferredembodiments, the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% byweight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and mostpreferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtainat least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence byuse of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGEunder reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or,preferably, silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibody insitu within recombinant cells since at least one component of theantibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however,isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step.

The term “bind(ing)” of an antigen or other polypeptide includes, but isnot limited to, the binding of a ligand polypeptide of the presentinvention to a receptor; the binding of a receptor polypeptide of thepresent invention to a ligand; the binding of an antibody of the presentinvention to an antigen or epitope; the binding of an antigen or epitopeof the present invention to an antibody; the binding of an antibody ofthe present invention to an anti-idiotypic antibody; the binding of ananti-idiotypic antibody of the present invention to a ligand; thebinding of an anti-idiotypic antibody of the present invention to areceptor; the binding of an anti-anti-idiotypic antibody of the presentinvention to a ligand, receptor or antibody, etc.

The term “immunoglobulin” refers to a protein consisting of one or morepolypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes. One form ofimmunoglobulin constitutes the basic structural unit of an antibody.This form is a tetramer and consists of two identical pairs ofimmunoglobulin chains, each pair having one light and one heavy chain.In each pair, the light and heavy chain variable regions are togetherresponsible for binding to an antigen, and the constant regions areresponsible for the antibody effector functions.

Full-length immunoglobulin “light chains” (about 25 Kd or about 214amino acids) are encoded by a variable region gene at the NH2-terminus(about 110 amino acids) and a kappa or lambda constant region gene atthe COOH-terminus. Full-length immunoglobulin “heavy chains” (about 50Kd or about 446 amino acids), are similarly encoded by a variable regiongene (about 116 amino acids) and one of the other aforementionedconstant region genes (about 330 amino acids). Heavy chains areclassified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, and define theantibody's isotype as IgG (such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4), IgM, IgA,IgD and IgE, respectively. Within light and heavy chains, the variableand constant regions are joined by a “J” region of about 12 or moreamino acids, with the heavy chain also including a “D” region of about10 more amino acids. (See generally, Fundamental Immunology (Paul, W.,ed., 2nd Edition, Raven Press, NY (1989)), Chapter 7 (incorporated byreference in its entirety for all purposes).

An immunoglobulin light or heavy chain variable domain or regioncomprises “framework regions” (FRs) interrupted by “complementaritydetermining regions” (CDRs). Kabat et al. (1991), Sequences of Proteinsof Immunological Interest, 5th Edition, Public Health Service, NationalInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991); Chothia et al. (1987), J.Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917 (both of which are incorporated herein byreference). FR residues are those variable domain residues other thanCDR region residues as herein defined. The sequences of the frameworkregions of different light or heavy chains are relatively conservedwithin a species. Thus, a “human framework region” is a framework regionthat is substantially identical (about 85% or more, usually 90-95% ormore) to the framework region of a naturally occurring humanimmunoglobulin. The framework region of an antibody, that is thecombined framework regions of the constituent light and heavy chains,serves to position and align the CDR's. The CDR's are primarilyresponsible for binding to an epitope of an antigen. Accordingly, theterm “humanized” immunoglobulin refers to an immunoglobulin comprising ahuman framework region and one or more CDR's from a non-human (usually amouse or rat) immunoglobulin. The non-human immunoglobulin providing theCDR's is called the “donor” and the human immunoglobulin providing theframework is called the “acceptor”. Constant regions need not bepresent, but if they are, they must be substantially identical to humanimmunoglobulin constant regions—i.e., at least about 85-90%, preferablyabout 95% or more identical. Hence, all parts of a humanizedimmunoglobulin, except possibly the CDR's, are substantially identicalto corresponding parts of natural human immunoglobulin sequences.Further, one or more residues in the human framework region may be backmutated to the parental sequence to retain optimal antigen-bindingaffinity and specificity. In this way, certain framework residues fromthe non-human parent antibody are retained in the humanized antibody inorder to retain the binding properties of the parent antibody whileminimizing its immunogenicity. The term “human framework region” as usedherein includes regions with such back mutations. A “humanized antibody”is an antibody comprising a humanized light chain and a humanized heavychain immunoglobulin. For example, a humanized antibody would notencompass a typical chimeric antibody as defined below, e.g., becausethe entire variable region of a chimeric antibody is non-human.

The monoclonal antibodies and antibody constructs of the presentinvention specifically include “chimeric” antibodies (immunoglobulins)in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with orhomologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from aparticular species or belonging to a particular antibody class orsubclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is/are identical with orhomologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from anotherspecies or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well asfragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desiredbiological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al. (1984),Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 6851-6855). Chimeric antibodies ofinterest herein include “primitized” antibodies comprising variabledomain antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-human primate (e.g.,Old World Monkey, Ape, etc.) and human constant region sequences. Avariety of approaches for making chimeric antibodies have beendescribed. See e, Morrison et al. (1985), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.81:6851; Takeda et al. (1985), Nature 314:452, Cabilly et al., U.S. Pat.No. 4,816,567; Boss et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,397; Tanaguchi et al.,EP 0171496; EP 0173494; and GB 2177096.

The terms “human antibody” and “fully human antibody” each refer to anantibody that has an amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin,including antibodies isolated from human immunoglobulin libraries orfrom animals transgenic for one or more human immunoglobulins and thatdo not express endogenous immunoglobulins; for example, Xenomouse®antibodies and antibodies as described by Kucherlapati et al. in U.S.Pat. No. 5,939,598.

The term “genetically altered antibodies” means antibodies wherein theamino acid sequence has been varied from that of a native antibody.Because of the relevance of recombinant DNA techniques in the generationof antibodies, one need not be confined to the sequences of amino acidsfound in natural antibodies; antibodies can be redesigned to obtaindesired characteristics. The possible variations are many and range fromchanges to just one or a few amino acids to complete redesign of, forexample, the variable and/or constant region. Changes in the constantregion will, in general, be made in order to improve or altercharacteristics, such as complement fixation, interaction with membranesand other effector functions, as well as manufacturability andviscosity. Changes in the variable region will be made in order toimprove the antigen binding characteristics.

A “Fab fragment” is comprised of one light chain and the C_(H1) andvariable regions of one heavy chain. The heavy chain of a Fab moleculecannot form a disulfide bond with another heavy chain molecule.

A “Fab′ fragment” contains one light chain and one heavy chain thatcontains more of the constant region, between the C_(H1) and C_(H2)domains, such that an interchain disulfide bond can be formed betweentwo heavy chains to form a F(ab′)₂ molecule.

A “F(ab′)₂ fragment” contains two light chains and two heavy chainscontaining a portion of the constant region between the C_(H1) andC_(H2) domains, such that an interchain disulfide bond is formed betweentwo heavy chains.

The terms “Fv fragment” and “single chain antibody” refer topolypeptides containing antibody variable regions from both heavy andlight chains but lacking constant regions. Like a whole antibody, it isable to bind selectively to a specific antigen. With a molecular weightof only about 25 kDa, Fv fragments are much smaller than commonantibodies (150-160 kD) which are composed of two heavy protein chainsand two light chains, and even smaller than Fab fragments (about 50 kDa,one light chain and half a heavy chain).

A “single domain antibody” is an antibody fragment consisting of asingle domain Fv unit, e.g., V_(H) or V_(L). Like a whole antibody, itis able to bind selectively to a specific antigen. With a molecularweight of only 12-15 kDa, single-domain antibodies are much smaller thancommon antibodies (150-160 kDa) which are composed of two heavy proteinchains and two light chains, and even smaller than Fab fragments(.about.50 kDa, one light chain and half a heavy chain) and single-chainvariable fragments (.about.25 kDa, two variable domains, one from alight and one from a heavy chain). The first single-domain antibodieswere engineered from heavy-chain antibodies found in camelids. Althoughmost research into single-domain antibodies is currently based on heavychain variable domains, light chain variable domains and nanobodiesderived from light chains have also been shown to bind specifically totarget epitopes.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein is not limited toantibodies produced through hybridoma technology. The term “monoclonalantibody” refers to an antibody that is derived from a single clone,including any eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or phage clone, and not themethod by which it is produced.

In some embodiments, an antigen binding protein of the present inventionselectively inhibits the human antigen of the antibody from which it isderived. For example, the antigen binding protein having the sequence ofantibody AF as substituted as described herein will selectively inhibitthe antigen in FIG. 1B of antibody AF. An antibody or functionalfragment thereof “selectively inhibits” a specific receptor or ligandrelative to other receptors or ligands when the IC50 of the antibody inan inhibition assay of the specific receptor is at least 50-fold lowerthan the IC50 in an inhibition assay of another “reference” ligand orreceptor. An “IC50” is the dose/concentration required to achieve 50%inhibition of a biological or biochemical function. With radioactiveligands, IC50 is the concentration of a competing ligand that displaces50% of the specific binding of the radioactive ligand. The IC50 of anyparticular substance or antagonist can be determined by constructing adose-response curve and examining the effect of different concentrationsof the drug or antagonist on reversing agonist activity in a particularfunctional assay. IC50 values can be calculated for a given antagonistor drug by determining the concentration needed to inhibit half of themaximum biological response of the agonist. Thus, the IC50 value for anyanti-PCSK9 antibody or functional fragment thereof, for example, can becalculated by determining the concentration of the antibody or fragmentneeded to inhibit half of the maximum biological response of PCSK9 inactivating the human PCSK9 receptor in any functional assay. An antibodyor functional fragment thereof that selectively inhibits a specificligand or receptor is understood to be a neutralizing antibody orneutralizing fragment with respect to that ligand or receptor. Thus, insome embodiments, the anti-PCSK9 antibody or functional fragment is aneutralizing antibody or fragment of human PCSK9.

The substituted antigen binding proteins of the present invention cancross-block the unsubstituted antibodies from which they are derived.The terms “cross-block,” “cross-blocked,” and “cross-blocking” are usedinterchangeably herein to mean the ability of an antigen binding proteinto interfere with the binding of other antigen binding proteins (e.g.,antibodies or binding fragments) to a target (e.g., human PCSK9). Theextent to which an antibody or binding fragment is able to interferewith the binding of another to a target and therefore whether it can besaid to cross-block, can be determined using competition binding assays.In some embodiments, a cross-blocking antigen binding protein of thisinvention reduces binding of a reference antibody to the target antigenbetween about 40% and 100%, such as about 60% and about 100%,specifically preferably between about 70% and 100%, and morespecifically preferably between about 80% and 100%. A particularlysuitable quantitative assay for detecting cross-blocking uses a Biacoremachine which measures the extent of interactions using surface plasmonresonance technology. Another suitable quantitative cross-blocking assayuses a FACS-based approach to measure competition between antibodies interms of their binding to the target antigen.

The term “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” refers topolynucleotides, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid(RNA), oligonucleotides, fragments generated by the polymerase chainreaction (PCR), and fragments generated by any of ligation, scission,endonuclease action, and exonuclease action. Nucleic acid molecules canbe composed of monomers that are naturally-occurring nucleotides (suchas DNA and RNA), or analogs of naturally-occurring nucleotides (e.g.,.alpha.-enantiomeric forms of naturally-occurring nucleotides), or acombination of both. Modified nucleotides can have alterations in sugarmoieties and/or in pyrimidine or purine base moieties. Sugarmodifications include, for example, replacement of one or more hydroxylgroups with halogens, alkyl groups, amines, and azido groups, or sugarscan be functionalized as ethers or esters. Moreover, the entire sugarmoiety can be replaced with sterically and electronically similarstructures, such as aza-sugars and carbocyclic sugar analogs. Examplesof modifications in a base moiety include alkylated purines andpyrimidines, acylated purines or pyrimidines, or other well-knownheterocyclic substitutes. Nucleic acid monomers can be linked byphosphodiester bonds or analogs of such linkages. Analogs ofphosphodiester linkages include phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate,phosphoroselenoate, phosphorodiselenoate, phosphoroanilothioate,phosphoranilidate, phosphoramidate, and the like. The term “nucleic acidmolecule” also includes so-called “peptide nucleic acids”, whichcomprise naturally-occurring or modified nucleic acid bases attached toa polyamide backbone. Nucleic acids can be either single stranded ordouble stranded.

The term “complement of a nucleic acid molecule” refers to a nucleicacid molecule having a complementary nucleotide sequence and reverseorientation as compared to a reference nucleotide sequence.

The term “degenerate nucleotide sequence” denotes a sequence ofnucleotides that includes one or more degenerate codons as compared to areference nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide. Degeneratecodons contain different triplets of nucleotides, but encode the sameamino acid residue (i.e., GAU and GAC triplets each encode Asp).

An “isolated nucleic acid molecule” is a nucleic acid molecule that isnot integrated in the genomic DNA of an organism. For example, a DNAmolecule that encodes a heavy chain of an antibody that has beenseparated from the genomic DNA of a cell is an isolated DNA molecule.Another example of an isolated nucleic acid molecule is achemically-synthesized nucleic acid molecule that is not integrated inthe genome of an organism. A nucleic acid molecule that has beenisolated from a particular species is smaller than the complete DNAmolecule of a chromosome from that species.

A “nucleic acid molecule construct” is a nucleic acid molecule, eithersingle- or double-stranded, that has been modified through humanintervention to contain segments of nucleic acid combined and juxtaposedin an arrangement not existing in nature.

“Complementary DNA (cDNA)” is a single-stranded DNA molecule that isformed from an mRNA template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.Typically, a primer complementary to portions of mRNA is employed forthe initiation of reverse transcription. Those skilled in the art alsouse the term “cDNA” to refer to a double-stranded DNA moleculeconsisting of such a single-stranded DNA molecule and its complementaryDNA strand. The term “cDNA” also refers to a clone of a cDNA moleculesynthesized from an RNA template.

A “promoter” is a nucleotide sequence that directs the transcription ofa structural gene. Typically, a promoter is located in the 5′ non-codingregion of a gene, proximal to the transcriptional start site of astructural gene. Sequence elements within promoters that function in theinitiation of transcription are often characterized by consensusnucleotide sequences. These promoter elements include RNA polymerasebinding sites, TATA sequences, CAAT sequences, differentiation-specificelements (DSEs; McGehee et al. (1993), Mol. Endocrinol., 7:551), cyclicAMP response elements (CREs), serum response elements (SREs; Treisman(1990), Seminars in Cancer Biol., 1:47), glucocorticoid responseelements (GREs), and binding sites for other transcription factors, suchas CRE/ATF (O'Reilly et al. (1992), J. Biol. Chem., 267:19938), AP2 (Yeet al. (1994), J. Biol. Chem., 269:25728), SP1, cAMP response elementbinding protein (CREB; Loeken (1993), Gene Expr., 3:253) and octamerfactors (see, in general, Watson et al. (1987), eds., Molecular Biologyof the Gene, 4th Edition, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company,Inc., and Lemaigre et al. (1994), Biochem. J., 303:1). If a promoter isan inducible promoter, then the rate of transcription increases inresponse to an inducing agent. In contrast, the rate of transcription isnot regulated by an inducing agent if the promoter is a constitutivepromoter. Repressible promoters are also known.

A “regulatory element” is a nucleotide sequence that modulates theactivity of a core promoter. For example, a regulatory element maycontain a nucleotide sequence that binds with cellular factors enablingtranscription exclusively or preferentially in particular cells,tissues, or organelles. These types of regulatory elements are normallyassociated with genes that are expressed in a “cell-specific”,“tissue-specific”, or “organelle-specific” manner.

An “enhancer” is a type of regulatory element that can increase theefficiency of transcription, regardless of the distance or orientationof the enhancer relative to the start site of transcription.

“Heterologous DNA” refers to a DNA molecule, or a population of DNAmolecules, that does not exist naturally within a given host cell. DNAmolecules heterologous to a particular host cell may contain DNA derivedfrom the host cell species (i.e., endogenous DNA) so long as that hostDNA is combined with non-host DNA (i.e., exogenous DNA). For example, aDNA molecule containing a non-host DNA segment encoding a polypeptideoperably linked to a host DNA segment comprising a transcriptionpromoter is considered to be a heterologous DNA molecule. Conversely, aheterologous DNA molecule can comprise an endogenous gene operablylinked with an exogenous promoter. As another illustration, a DNAmolecule comprising a gene derived from a wild-type cell is consideredto be heterologous DNA if that DNA molecule is introduced into a mutantcell that lacks the wild-type gene.

An “expression vector” is a nucleic acid molecule encoding a gene thatis expressed in a host cell. Typically, an expression vector comprises atranscription promoter, a gene, and a transcription terminator. Geneexpression is usually placed under the control of a promoter, and such agene is said to be “operably linked to” the promoter. Similarly, aregulatory element and a core promoter are operably linked if theregulatory element modulates the activity of the core promoter.

A “recombinant host” is a cell that contains a heterologous nucleic acidmolecule, such as a cloning vector or expression vector. In the presentcontext, an example of a recombinant host is a cell that produces anantagonist of the present invention from an expression vector. Incontrast, such an antagonist can be produced by a cell that is a“natural source” of said antagonist, and that lacks an expressionvector.

The terms “amino-terminal” and “carboxyl-terminal” are used herein todenote positions within polypeptides. Where the context allows, theseterms are used with reference to a particular sequence or portion of apolypeptide to denote proximity or relative position. For example, acertain sequence positioned carboxyl-terminal to a reference sequencewithin a polypeptide is located proximal to the carboxyl terminus of thereference sequence, but is not necessarily at the carboxyl terminus ofthe complete polypeptide.

A “fusion protein” is a hybrid protein expressed by a nucleic acidmolecule comprising nucleotide sequences of at least two genes. Forexample, a fusion protein can comprise at least part of an antibodyheavy chain fused with a polypeptide that binds an affinity matrix oranother target of interest.

The term “receptor” denotes a cell-associated protein that binds to abioactive molecule termed a “ligand.” This interaction mediates theeffect of the ligand on the cell. Receptors can be membrane-bound,cytosolic or nuclear; monomeric (e.g., thyroid stimulating hormonereceptor, beta-adrenergic receptor) or multimeric (e.g., PDGF receptor,growth hormone receptor, IL-3 receptor, GM-CSF receptor, G-CSF receptor,erythropoietin receptor and IL-6 receptor). Membrane-bound receptors arecharacterized by a multi-domain structure comprising an extracellularligand-binding domain and an intracellular effector domain that istypically involved in signal transduction. In certain membrane-boundreceptors, the extracellular ligand-binding domain and the intracellulareffector domain are located in separate polypeptides that comprise thecomplete functional receptor. In general, the binding of ligand toreceptor results in a conformational change in the receptor that causesan interaction between the effector domain and other molecule(s) in thecell, which in turn leads to an alteration in the metabolism of thecell. Metabolic events that are often linked to receptor-ligandinteractions include gene transcription, phosphorylation,dephosphorylation, increased cyclic AMP production, mobilization ofcellular calcium, mobilization of membrane lipids, cell adhesion,hydrolysis of inositol lipids and hydrolysis of phospholipids.

The term “expression” refers to the biosynthesis of a gene product. Forexample, in the case of a structural gene, expression involvestranscription of the structural gene into mRNA and the translation ofmRNA into one or more polypeptides.

The term “complement/anti-complement pair” denotes non-identicalmoieties that form a non-covalently associated, stable pair underappropriate conditions. For instance, biotin and avidin (orstreptavidin) are prototypical members of a complement/anti-complementpair. Other exemplary complement/anti-complement pairs includereceptor/ligand pairs, antibody/antigen (or hapten or epitope) pairs,sense/antisense polynucleotide pairs, and the like. Where subsequentdissociation of the complement/anti-complement pair is desirable, thecomplement/anti-complement pair preferably has a binding affinity ofless than 10⁹ M⁻¹.

A “detectable label” is a molecule or atom which can be conjugated to anantibody moiety to produce a molecule useful for diagnosis. Examples ofdetectable labels include chelators, photoactive agents, radioisotopes,fluorescent agents, paramagnetic ions, or other marker moieties.

The term “affinity tag” is used herein to denote a polypeptide segmentthat can be attached to a second polypeptide to provide for purificationor detection of the second polypeptide or provide sites for attachmentof the second polypeptide to a substrate. In principal, any peptide orprotein for which an antibody or other specific binding agent isavailable can be used as an affinity tag. Affinity tags include apolyhistidine tract, protein A (Nilsson et al. (1985), EMBO J. 4:1075;Nilsson et al. (1991), Methods Enzymol., 198:3), glutathione Stransferase (Smith et al. (1988), Gene, 67:31), Glu-Glu affinity tag(Grussenmeyer et al (1985)., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7952),substance P, FLAG® peptide (Hopp et al. (1988), Biotechnology 6:1204),streptavidin binding peptide, or other antigenic epitope or bindingdomain. See, in general, Ford et al. (1991), Protein Expression andPurification, 2:95. DNA molecules encoding affinity tags are availablefrom commercial suppliers (e.g., Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.).

The terms “acidic residue” and “charged negative residue” refer to aminoacid residues having sidechains comprising acidic groups. Exemplaryacidic or charged negative residues include D and E.

The term “amide residue” refers to amino acids having sidechainscomprising amide derivatives of acidic groups. Exemplary amide residuesinclude N and Q.

The term “aromatic residue” refers to amino acid residues havingsidechains comprising aromatic groups. Exemplary aromatic residuesinclude F, Y, and W.

The terms “basic residue” and “charged positive residue” refer to aminoacid residues having sidechains comprising basic groups. Exemplary basicor charged positive residues include H, K, and R.

The terms “hydrophilic residue” and “polar uncharged residue” refer toamino acid residues having sidechains comprising polar groups. Exemplaryhydrophilic or polar uncharged residues include C, S, T, N, and Q.

The terms “non-functional residue” and “small hydrophobic residue” referto amino acid residues having sidechains that lack acidic, basic, oraromatic groups. Exemplary non-functional, small hydrophobic residuesinclude M, G, A, V, I, L and norleucine (Nle).

One aspect of this invention concerns PCSK9 binding polypeptides.“PCSK9-binding polypeptide” means a polypeptide that binds proproteinconvertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) protein. In some cases, thePCSK9-binding polypeptide blocks binding of PCSK9 to low-density lipidreceptors (LDLRs). Such blocking PCSK9-binding polypeptides can bemonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and can be one of the following:

-   -   a. a mAb comprising a heavy chain polypeptide having an amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136 and a light chain polypeptide        having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134 (antibody AK,        evolocumab), or an antigen-binding fragment thereof;    -   b. a mAb that competes with evolocumab for binding to PCSK9;    -   c. a mAb comprising:        -   i. a heavy chain polypeptide comprising the following            complementarity determining regions (CDRs): a heavy chain            CDR1 that is a CDR1 in SEQ ID NOs: 376 or 378; a heavy chain            CDR2 that is a CDR2 in SEQ ID Nos: 376 or 378; a heavy chain            CDR3 that is a CDR3 in SEQ ID NOs: 376 or 378, and        -   ii. a light chain polypeptide comprising the following CDRs:            a light chain CDR1 that is a CDR1 in SEQ ID NOs: 377 or 379;            a light chain CDR2 that a CDR2 in SEQ ID NOs: 377 or 379;            and a light chain CDR3 that is a CDR3 in SEQ ID NOs: 377 or            379;    -   d. a mAb that binds to at least one of the following residues of        PCSK9, the PCSK9 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        369: S153, D188, 1189, Q190, S191, D192, R194, E197, G198, R199,        V200, D224, R237, and D238, K243, S373, D374, S376, T377, F379,        1154, T1897, H193, E195, 1196, M201, V202, C223, T228, S235,        G236, A239, G244, M247, 1369, S372, C375, C378, R237, and D238;    -   e. a mAb that binds to PCSK9 at an epitope on PCSK9 that        overlaps with an epitope that is bound by an antibody that        comprises:        -   i. a heavy chain variable region of the amino acid sequence            in SEQ ID NO: 136; and        -   ii. a light chain variable region of the amino acid sequence            in SEQ ID NO: 134, and        -   iii. wherein the epitope of the mAb further overlaps with a            site to which binds an epidermal growth factor-like repeat A            (EGF-A) domain of the low density lipoprotein receptor            (LDLR) protein (Horton, Cohen, & Hobbs (2007), Trends            Biochem Sci, 32(2), 71-77. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.12.008;            Seidah & Prat (2007), J Mol Med (Berl), 85(7), 685-696;    -   f. a mAb that comprises a heavy chain polypeptide comprising the        following complementarity determining regions (CDRs):        -   i. heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having an amino acid            sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 373, 374, and 375, respectively; and        -   ii. light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 having an amino acid            sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 369, 370, and 371, respectively; or    -   g. a mAb that comprises the heavy chain variant region sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 378 and the light chain variant region sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 379.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Correlation of Global Sequence Features toViscosity

The main goal of the study reported in Example 1 of this specificationwas to identify a link between viscosity and amino acid sequence, orglobal sequence features of IgG monoclonal antibodies with the purposeof reducing viscosity of high-concentration monoclonal antibodyformulations. For that, viscosity values of 43 different monoclonalantibodies were measured at 150 mg/ml to provide a wide range of valuesfrom 5 to 33 cP (FIGS. 1A and 1B). Main global sequence features of themonoclonal antibodies, such as light and heavy chain types, theirsubtypes (germlines), and pI were calculated and correlated toviscosity, but did not immediately reveal significant correlations(FIGS. 1A and 1B). Polymorphisms (known as allotypes) within the IgGisotypes were described using serological reagents derived from humans(Ropartz, C., Schanfield, M. S., and Steinberg, A. G. (1976), “Review ofthe notation for the allotypic and related markers of humanimmunoglobulins,” WHO meeting on human immunoglobulin allotypic markers,held 16-19 Jul. 1974, Rouen, France; report amended June 1976, JImmunogenet. 3, 357-362) and correlated to certain amino acid residuesin several specific positions in conserved regions of heavy and lightchains (Jefferis and Lefranc (2009) Human immunoglobulin allotypes:possible implications for immunogenicity, mAbs 1, 332-338.) (Vidarsson,G., Dekkers, G., and Rispens, T. (2014) IgG subclasses and allotypes:from structure to effector functions, Front Immunol. 5, 1-17). Theallotypes introduce a few different residues (described below) inotherwise conserved regions of light and heavy chains. All kappa lightchains used in this study were the same (3) allotype (featuring residuesA153, V191 in EU numbering). All IgG2 heavy light chains were the same(n-) allotype (featuring P189). Four IgG1 heavy chain allotypes weredescribed (including the following related residues in EU numbering):f(R214); z (K214); a (D356, L358) and x (G431) (Jefferis & Lefranc,2009) (Vidarsson et al., 2014). IgG1 heavy chains with alternativeresidues in the positions E356, M358 and A431 do not constituteallotypes because these amino acid residues are present in other IgGsubclasses. IgG1 allotype (x) was not present in the study; all IgG1heavy chains had A431. IgG1 heavy chain allotypes (J), (z), (a) andrelated residues are shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B.

The antibodies in FIGS. 1A and 1B are sorted by viscosity. The table inFIGS. 1A and 1B includes the monoclonal antibody name, measuredconcentrations, measured viscosity values and global sequence parametersincluding type, subtype and calculated pI. IgG1 type, lambda lightchains and VH1 heavy chain subtype are in boldface type.

IgG1 and IgG2 heavy chains and kappa and lambda light chains were ratherevenly distributed across the viscosity range. A sequence assessment ofsubtypes revealed several high viscosity and low viscosity subtypepairs: VH1|1-18 and VH1|1-02; VH3|3-33 and VH3|3-07; VK3|L16 and VK3|A27with the probability of random correlation at 0.0002; 0.076 and 0.031,respectively, correlating to viscosity residues (FIG. 2). The studylooked for viscosity correlations to D and J region sequences but foundno significant correlation.

FIG. 2 shows p-values, which indicate probability of random correlationto viscosity. FIG. 2 also shows residues in high viscosity subtype,positions in Aho numbering, and residues in low viscosity subtypes.

Among the fourteen IgG molecules of VH1 subtype, high viscosity wasstrongly associated with VH1|1-18 subtype and low viscosity withVH1|1-01 subtype with the very low probability of this being a randomcoincidence (FIG. 9).

In order to assess the correlation between the two subtypes andviscosity, probability of the same population mean by Student's t-testwas calculated for VH1|1-02 versus VH1|1-18, VH3|3-33 versus VH3|3-07and VK3|L16 versus VK3|A27 using t-test two-sample equal variants with atwo-tailed distribution.

An association (t-test, p=0.031) of light chain VK3|L16 with highviscosity and VK3|A27 with low viscosity was detected (FIG. 2, FIG. 12,left side). VK3|L16 versus VK3|A27 and VH3|3-33 versus VH3|3-07 arediscussed further in this specification. Due to the strong correlationto viscosity, VH1|1-18 and VH1|1-02 were further evaluated as follows.As the next step, 43 antibody chain sequences were aligned and assessedas follows.

Sequence Alignment and Numbering System

Several IgG numbering systems exist, including:

-   -   EU—Edelman et al. (1969), “The covalent structure of an entire        gamma immunoglobulin molecule,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 63,        78-85;    -   Kabat—Kabat et al. (1991), Sequences of proteins of        immunological interest, Fifth Edition. NIH Publication No.        91-3242;    -   Chothia—Chothia et al. (1992), “Structural repertoire of the        human VH segments,” J. Mol. Biol. 227: 799-817; Tomlinson et        al., (1995), “The structural repertoire of the human V kappa        domain. EMBO J. 14: 4628-4638;    -   Aho—Hoenegger et al. (2001), “Yet another numbering scheme for        immunoglobulin variable domains: an automatic modeling and        analysis tool,” J. Mol. Biol. 309, 657-670;        and others. All four numbering systems mentioned above are        illustrated in FIG. 9, right side for frame region 3 of the        heavy chain of VH1 subtype. The Aho scheme was built by        utilizing spatial positions of amino acid residues derived from        more than 400 crystal structures of variable domains of        different antibodies. The Aho numbering system defined by A.        Honegger (citation above) was used in this work because it is a        3D structure-based numbering system. This creates an advantage        specifically for residues in CDRs: Residues with the same        numbers are located in similar spatial areas and are comparable        across different IgG sequences. Since residue positions in the        Aho numbering scheme are related to tertiary structure, they        should be more associated with biophysical and biochemical        properties and, possibly, viscosity. Aho numbering is aligned        and correlated with the other main numbering schemes as it is        shown in several tables of this specification. Any of the four        numbering systems can be interchangeably used to identify the        preferred amino acid substitutions. The heavy chain variable        region ends at the following residues for different numbering        systems: 149 Aho, 117 EU, 113 Kabat, 113 Chothia. The light        chain variable region ends at 149 Aho, 107 EU, 107 Kabat, 107        Chothia. Aho numbering allocates more numbers for CDR regions        instead of using letters for CDR residues as in Kabat and        Chothia (for example 82b for Kabat and Chothia). As a result,        Aho numbers for the same residues are often larger. Each        variable region includes three complementarity determining        regions (CDRs) and four framework regions (FRs) in the following        sequence: FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4. While CDRs provide        great sequence diversity with the purpose of binding to antigens        (CDR3 regions bind most often), FR sequences are more conserved        and contain only a few differences, some of which are subtype        specific.

Correlation of Sequences to Viscosity

In addition to assessing the global sequence features, the variableregions' sequences were aligned to identify the residues responsible forthe viscosity differences. In addition to visual observations, asoftware machine learning algorithm was developed and applied toidentify the residues impacting viscosity the most and to predictantibodies' viscosity values from their sequences. The predictive modelwas constructed using charge and hydrophobicity of residues inAho-aligned positions.

Heavy chain VH1 sequence alignment and assessment of the five sequencesof high-viscosity VH1|1-18 subtype and five sequences of low-viscosityVH1|1-02 subtype molecules revealed that only 4 residues were differentbetween the two subtypes in frames, all four located in framework 3(FIG. 9, right side). A larger number of sequence differences wereobserved in CDRs, but they were left beyond the scope of the study,since CDRs are often involved in binding to the antigens, andengineering (mutating residues in) CDRs with a goal of reducingviscosity would carry a significant risk of losing potency. Thesubtype-related differences in viscosity and residues in FR3 indicatedthat the following amino acid substitutions could potentially reduceviscosity in Aho numbering: T82R, T86I, R94S and S95R. The softwarealgorithm supported the four substitutions and also suggested that thefollowing two substitutions correlated with reduction of viscosity:light chain G13V/L in FR1 and heavy chain S59R/K from the edge of CDR2,the latter correlation observed in VH3 subtype (FIG. 9, right side).

In Silico Assessment of Suggested Amino Acid Substitutions

VH T82R.

R82 occurs with high frequency in VH1-02. IgG structure modelingindicated that heavy chain Aho position 82 is a part of the upper coreof the globulin fold and does not typically contact the antigen, but itcan directly contact CDR backbones according to Ewert et al. (2003),“Biophysical properties of human antibody variable domains,” J. Mol.Biol. 325: 531-553. HC82 has very conserved main chain—side chain H-bondinteractions with CDR 1 and CDR2 backbone amides (Honegger et al.,supra). R82 may also coordinate the backbone oxygen atoms of the CDR2loop.

VH R94S and S95R.

S94 and R95 occur with high frequency in VH1-02. These positions arelocated on the surface, away from the antigen binding domain and areconsidered a part of the lower core.

T86I.

186 occurs with high frequency in VH1-02. The data suggest substitutinga hydrophobic residue (I) for hydrophilic one (T) on the surface, whichcan potentially lead to aggregation.

VH S59R/K—

Within VH1 and VH3, a hydrophilic position 59 associates with lowerviscosity. VH S59R/K position has high structural and sequencevariability, is fairly solvent exposed, and is directly in betweenresidues 58 and 60, which are part of the upper core and may affectbinding. The structure will likely depend directly on the differences inresidues 58 and 60 (especially 58 if it is buried). R/K59 has lowfrequency of occurrence (below 2%), and was not observed in VH1according to the amino acid residue frequency analysis. All R/K59s areaccommodated within the VH3 dataset except one (VH4).

VL G13V/L—

This position is structurally buried and is a part of the lower core ofthe variable domain according to Ewert et al., supra. From this point ofview, a G13V mutation to a more hydrophobic residue should make the corestronger.

To summarize, in silico sequence analysis indicated that the proposedmutations do not introduce any additional glycosylation sites or sitessusceptible to rapid degradation under physiological or mildly acidicformulation conditions (NG, NS, NT, DG, DH). VH T82R, T86I, R94S andS95R mutations would provide a switch from subtype VH1-18 to VH1-02 inframe region 3, so they should not introduce any unusual or rare motifs.The addition of VH S59R and VL G13V mutations was suggested by thesoftware from the VH3 subtype, outside of VH1. None of the mutationsites is positioned close to the binding regions, except for S59R, whichis at the edge of HC CDR2 and, therefore, represents a mild risk ofinterfering with potency/binding. Arginine is a very low frequencyresidue in position 59 (R59), so prediction of its impact is difficult.T86I was identified as a high risk for aggregation and removed from thelist of mutations.

Produced Mutants and their Expression, Potency, Chemical Modifications,Glvcosylation and Viscosity.

Taking into account the above considerations, several mutants wereproduced for two IgG2 antibodies AK and AO of the high-viscosity VH1-18subtype with the goal of reducing viscosity while maintaining potency(FIG. 9B). FIG. 9B includes monoclonal antibody mutant symbols andrelated mutations on the heavy and light chain.

A very low expression level was observed for both AK mutants containingthe S59R substitution (marked with * on FIG. 3). Viability and viablecell density was also low for one of them, AK (59 82 94 95 13). On theother hand, antibody AO mutants containing the S59R substitutionproduced a titer comparable to that of the AO parent molecule. Althoughthe statistics were not sufficient to make a general conclusion aboutheavy chain position 59, the case suggested that a single amino acidsubstitution may dramatically alter expression. Chemical modifications,including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization and the glycosylationpattern, were similar among the two parents and their mutants asmeasured by peptide mapping LC-MS analysis.

Potency values of the parent AK antibody and the two well-expressedmutants, measured through binding to PCSK9, were similar (FIG. 4).Finally, measured viscosity values of the AK and AO mutants weresignificantly lower than the parents, as predicted (FIG. 5). Forexample, the AK (82 94 95) mutant was at only 39% of the parent'sviscosity. Viscosity of both AO mutants containing the S59R substitutionwas even lower, at approximately 28% of the parent's viscosity (FIG. 5).The S59R mutants did not express well for the AK antibody and theviscosity could not be measured. Average viscosity values for VH1|1-18and VH1|1-02 germline subfamilies were added for comparison. A total of12 consistent sequence differences were identified between VH1|1-18 andVH1|1-02 subfamilies, including 8 in CDRs and 4 in frame regions (FIG.9). Three sites, all in frame region 3, were selected for amino acidsubstitutions from high viscosity VH1|1-18 to low viscosity VH1|1-02.The three point mutations in frames were introduced in two mAbs ofVH1|1-18 subfamily (AK and AO) to convert only these residues to theresidues present in VH1|1-02. Although chances to achieve the possible2-fold decrease in viscosity were theoretically low (3/12), thesesubstitutions rather unexpectedly produced desirable outcome: with onlythree substitutions the viscosity decreased approximately two-fold inboth antibody molecules.

Viscosity Versus pI

Although the dependence of viscosity from pI was not clear from thewhole set of the 43 mAbs, the VH1 subset clearly showed that viscositysteadily increased when pI values of the mAbs decrease from pI 8.5 to pI6.5 in the pH 5.2 formulation (FIG. 6). The shift between thehigh-viscosity VH1|1-18 mAbs and low-viscosity VH1|1-02 mAbs can be alsoseen. As predicted, T82R, R94S and S95R mutants of AK and AO antibodiesmoved approximately two fold down along the viscosity scale from theVH1|1-18 to the VH1|1-02 area on the plot (FIG. 6). Mutants AO (59 82 9495) and AO (59 82 94 95 13) moved to even lower viscosity and toslightly higher pI, indicating that the S59R substitution, adopted fromoutside of the VH1 group, was effective in further reducing viscosity.Unfortunately, AK mutants containing R59 were not expressed well,suggesting that appearance of the low-frequency arginine residue inposition 59 may affect expression.

An increase in pI for antibodies in formulations with pH<pI (forexample, the mildly acidic formulation used in this study) typicallyleads to a decrease in viscosity. This result can be explained by thecolumbic repulsion of the positively charged antibody molecules. It isknown that proteins, including antibodies, show poor solubility and highprecipitation, which affect viscosity, at high concentrations. It isinteresting that the VH1|1-18 to VH1|1-02 substitutions in frame region3 resulted in a two-fold decrease in viscosity and only a minor increasein antibody pI values, suggesting that not the charge increase, butrather some structural changes may be responsible for the dramaticdecrease in viscosity.

After superimposing crystallography structures of hundreds of Fabdomains, hydrogen bond interactions for every VH and VL position wereidentified (Honegger et al. (2001), “Yet another numbering scheme forimmunoglobulin variable domains: an automatic modeling and analysistool,” J. Mol. Biol. 309: 657-670). The data indicate that theidentified positions may be bound to other residues through main-chainand side-chain hydrogen bond interactions (for Type III AK and AOantibody molecules). For example, 94 was bound to 77 in some VH Type IIIimmunoglobulin structures; 95 to 18; 59 to 67, 66, 65, 61, 60 and VL13to 146, 148. Hence, residue substitutions at these positions may changethe interactions and the immunoglobulin fold. The crystal structure ofAK antibody (Jackson et al., 2007), “The Crystal Structure of PCSK9: aRegulator of Plasma LDL-Cholesterol,” Structure 15: 545-52) suggeststhat all three positions 82, 94 and 95 are on the very periphery of theFab regions and exposed to solvent and other antibody molecules. Changesin FR3 positions in VH3 (FIG. 11) and VK3 (FIG. 12) also correlate toviscosity. One explanation of their role in viscosity is that thesepositions in FR3 are on the periphery of the molecule and are activelyengaged in the intermolecular interactions during shear stressassociated with motion through the injection needles and viscositymeasurements.

Lower viscosity VK3|A27 and higher viscosity VK3|L16 antibodies showedinverse correlation between viscosity and pI (FIG. 8, FIG. 12).

It needs to be mentioned that pI was a not very strong but in some casesuseful predictor of viscosity. In general, viscosity decreased withincreasing pI, and pI should be taken into account. For example,viscosity values of VH3|3-33 become lower and similar to VH3|3-07 forhigher pI antibody molecules (FIG. 7). Hence, pI should be taken intoaccount when predicting viscosity of VH3|3-33.

Proposed Viscosity Reduction for VH3 and VK3 Germline Families

High-viscosity VH3|3-33 and low-viscosity VH3|3-07 antibodies on averagehave a large difference in viscosity, while occupying a similar pI range(FIG. 7). Unexpectedly, on average, VH3|3-07 had lower viscosity andalso lower pI, which contradicts typical behavior reported in theliterature. Viscosity values of the following VH3|3-33 molecules can bereduced by the mutations: AQ, AM, AI, AG.

Monoclonal antibodies with high-viscosity VK3|L16 and low-viscosityVK3|A27 light chains also showed a large viscosity difference whileshowing relatively small difference in pI values, again suggesting astructural difference between subfamilies (FIG. 8). Viscosity values ofthe following VK3|L16 molecule can be reduced by the mutations describedin FIG. 11: antibodies AQ and AF.

The analysis of global sequence features revealed the following high/lowviscosity pairs: VH1|1-18/VH1|1-02; VK3|L16/VK3|A27; andVH3|3-33/VH3|3-07 with p-values of the correlation at 0.0002, 0.031 and0.076, respectively (FIG. 2). Sequence positions and residuescorrelating to the viscosity differences were identified, and can beconsidered as candidates for viscosity lowering point mutations (FIG.2). The performed above correlation of VH and VL families to viscosityindicates that theoretically antibodies with the following VH and VLcombinations should have the lowest viscosity (FIGS. 13A and B): VH2,VH3|3-07, VH1|1-02 for VH and VK3, VL1, VK3|A27 for VL. Three antibodiesof VH1|1-02 and VK3|A27 configuration practically occurred in our setand they indeed exhibited low viscosity values: B (5.6 cP), J (8.2 cP),Y (12.1 cP).

Chemical Cross-Linking Studies

A broad survey of the potential protein-protein interactions in viscousantibody solutions was attempted using chemical cross-linking at highprotein concentrations. Chemical cross-linking is a classic biochemicaltechnique used to demonstrate that specific portions of proteinsinteract with each other. In this paper we describe the use of a zerolength chemical cross-linking reagent to identify potentialprotein-protein interactions in high concentration viscous antibodysolutions. The chemical cross-linking results of viscous and non-viscousantibodies are used to construct a model of potential protein-proteininteractions in solution.

Chemical cross-linking with EDC reveals the presence of a commonchemically cross-linkable oligomeric distribution. The chemicalcross-link that results in the oligomeric pattern is surprisingly notinter-molecular but rather an intra-molecular cross-link. Theintra-molecular cross-link between the top of the Fc and the bottom of aFab results in an antibody conformation that may favor the formation ofFc-Fc mediated antibody oligomers. The 1HZH antibody crystal structurecontains an antibody hexamer in the asymmetric unit that has one Fab armpinned against the Fc domain to facilitate the Fc-Fc interactioncritical to form the IgG1 hexamer. The appearance of this conformationmay or may not be critical to the formation of the hexamer in theprotein crystal. The increased propensity to form the hexamer insolution when the Fab-Fc intra-molecular chemical cross-link is presentsuggests that the Fab arm pinned to the Fc may have increased propensityto form Fc-Fc based antibody oligomers.

Decreasing Fc-Fc Interactions can Decrease Solution Viscosity

The scientific literature includes research on hexamer formation ofantibodies related to interaction with Clq1 and CDC activity. Diebolderet al. found that anti-CD20 antibodies with certain Fc point mutations,including K439E and S440K, abrogated CDC activity but that theassociated K439E/S440K double mutant restored CDC activity. Also I253Amutation decreased CDC activity. Diebolder et al. (2014), “Complement isActivated by IgG Hexamers Assembled at the Cell Surface,” Science 343:1260-3. Diebolder et al. did not associate the mutants they disclosewith an effect on antibody viscosity. Similarly, van den Bremer et al(2015) found that charged residues at the C-terminus of an antibodycould decrease Clq1 interaction due to a decreased ability to form IgGhexamer structures. The authors did not associate the presence ofcharged residues at the C-terminus of IgGs to an effect on antibodysolution viscosity.

The observation of a hexamer of antibodies in viscous antibody solutionssuggested that the Fc-Fc interactions that are present in the antibodyhexamer crystal structure as well as the structure thought to form priorto the recruitment of Clq1 (complement) are likely present in viscousantibody solutions in the absence of the chemical cross-linker EDC. Inorder to test whether the Fc-Fc interaction might contribute to solutionviscosity, Fc mutants based on the work done by Diebolder et al. weregenerated at Amgen. The materials were then evaluated in anti-PCSK9formulation buffer by cone and plate rheology. The comparison of parentanti-PCSK9 antibody AK and Fc mutant anti-PCSK9 antibodies demonstratedthat decreasing the affinity of Fc for Fc does decrease the solutionviscosity of the antibody. The point mutants retained FcRn bindingcapacity and there were no changes to bioactivity. The ability of adouble mutant which restored wild-type complement activity to return towild type viscosity demonstrates that the decrease in viscosity can bereversed if the ability of Fc-Fc interactions is restored to wild-typelevels. Taken together with the observation of Fc-Fc mediated oligomericspecies increasing solution viscosity, there is a common Fc-mediatedprotein-protein interaction that contributes to antibody solutionviscosity. It needs to be noted that out of five mutations, S440K,I253A, K439E, H433A, N434A identified by Diebolder et al. as reducingCDC activity and tested for viscosity in this work, only the first twoshowed reduced viscosity in high concentration anti-PCSK9 formulation,while K439E, H433A and N343A did not reduce viscosity in highconcentration anti-PCSK9 formulation, indicating that direct correlationdoes not exist and that people skilled in the art could not correctlyanticipate lower viscosity from the information provided by Diebolder etal. The K439E mutant was also evaluated in a high protein concentrationsucrose formulation and found to be less viscous than the parentanti-PCSK9 mutant at the same concentration. The presence of Arginine inthe anti-PCSK9 formulation may have contributed to charge screening thatmay have decreased the effectiveness of the negative charge introducedin the K439E mutant to decrease Fc-Fc interactions. The H433A and theN434A mutants have no obvious charge screening sensitivity like theK439E mutant.

The Fc-Fc interaction may influence solution viscosity by increasing thenumber of potential interactions possible in two potential ways. Itcould increase the number of interactions per antibody from two CDRmediated interactions to two CDR mediated interactions plus 2 Fcmediated interactions per antibody or it could change the number of freeCDR ends available in oligomers present in solution. Given the fact thatthe Fc domain of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies are highlysimilar, it is likely that the Fc-Fc mediated interactions are presentin all antibodies. The analysis of non-viscous antibodies shows that theintra-molecular cross-link which indicates the presence of an Fc-Fcinteraction is absent in contrast to a viscous antibody at the sameconcentration. This suggests that the Fc-Fc interaction, althoughtheoretically possible, is absent in non-viscous antibodies. The CDRnext nearest neighbor interaction may influence the relative distancebetween Fc's as well as the relative orientation to enhance Fc-Fcinteraction. This may explain why viscous antibodies have an Fc-Fcinteraction while non-viscous antibodies do not at room temperature.

The presence of an Fc-Fc interaction also increases the likelihood thatan oligomer of antibodies (dimer, trimer, tetramer, etc.) contains themaximum number of free CDR ends. The larger number of free CDR endsincreases the number of CDR next nearest neighbor interactions. This inturn may increase network formation propensity and increase solutionviscosity as a result of more efficient “percolation.”

C-Terminal Modifications to Reduce Viscosity

Certain modifications at the antibody C-terminus interfere with C1qbinding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Van den Bremer etal. (2015), “Human IgG is produced in a pro-form that requires clippingof C-terminal lysines for maximal complement activation,” mAbs 7(4):672-80. The authors found that C-terminal lysine and C-terminal glutamicacid likely decreases the propensity of the Fc-Fc interactions that leadto a hexamer of antibodies that can most efficiently interact with C1q1.The authors constructed mutants of a CD20 antibody and a CD38 antibodyhaving PGKP (SEQ ID NO:381), PGKKP(SEQ ID NO:382), PGKKKP (SEQ IDNO:383), and PGE at the C-terminus. They found that these mutants showedsignificantly reduced or completely lost CDC activity. Thus, one mayconclude that the mutations blocked the hexamerization previouslycorrelated by the authors with CDC activity. Given the presentcorrelation of hexamerization with viscosity, such mutations should alsoreduce viscosity of antigen binding proteins. It is thus reasonable toconclude that placement of positively charged or negatively chargedamino acids at the C-terminus, whether placed there by addition orsubstitution of existing C-terminal amino acids, will reduce theviscosity of an antigen binding protein.

Sequence Modification to Improve Pharmacokinetic Parameters

This invention also includes the discovery of improved pharmacokineticproperties in antigen binding proteins having mutations that may alsoreduce viscosity. In particular, S440K mutations have been found toimprove both Tmax (the time after dosing at which the maximumconcentration was observed) and Cmax (the maximum observed concentrationmeasured after dosing). Mutants of antibody AK having S440K, optionallywith other mutations, have been found to have Tmax reduced by more thanhalf that of the parental antibody AK after subcutaneous injection ofthe mutants and the parental antibody at the same concentration. Suchmutants have also been found to have Cmax that is 28% or 42% higherafter subcutaneous injection of the mutants and the parental antibody.See FIG. 22.

Nucleic Acids, Vectors, Host Cells

The invention also includes isolated nucleic acids encoding thebispecific antibodies of the invention, which includes, for instance,the light chain, light chain variable region, light chain constantregion, heavy chain, heavy chain variable region, heavy chain constantregion, linkers, and any and all components and combinations thereof ofthe bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. Nucleic acids of theinvention include nucleic acids having at least 80%, more preferably atleast about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, and most preferablyat least about 98% homology to nucleic acids of the invention. The terms“percent similarity”, “percent identity” and “percent homology” whenreferring to a particular sequence are used as set forth in theUniversity of Wisconsin GCG® software program. Nucleic acids of theinvention also include complementary nucleic acids. In some instances,the sequences will be fully complementary (no mismatches) when aligned.In other instances, there may be up to about a 20% mismatch in thesequences. In some embodiments of the invention are provided nucleicacids encoding both a heavy chain and a light chain of an antibody ofthe invention.

Nucleic acids of the invention can be cloned into a vector, such as aplasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage, artificial chromosome (BAC, YAC) orvirus, into which another genetic sequence or element (either DNA orRNA) may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of theattached sequence or element. In some embodiments, the expression vectorcontains a constitutively active promoter segment (such as but notlimited to CMV, SV40, Elongation Factor or LTR sequences) or aninducible promoter sequence such as the steroid inducible pIND vector(Invitrogen), where the expression of the nucleic acid can be regulated.Expression vectors of the invention may further comprise regulatorysequences, for example, an internal ribosomal entry site. The expressionvector can be introduced into a cell by transfection, for example.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an expressionvector comprising the following operably linked elements; atranscription promoter; a first nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavychain of a bispecific antigen binding protein, antibody orantigen-binding fragment of the invention; a second nucleic acidmolecule encoding the light chain of a bispecific antigen bindingprotein, antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention; and atranscription terminator. In another embodiment, the present inventionprovides an expression vector comprising the following operably linkedelements; a first transcription promoter; a first nucleic acid moleculeencoding the heavy chain of a bispecific antigen binding protein,antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention; a firsttranscription terminator; a second transcription promoter a secondnucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain of a bispecific antigenbinding protein, antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention;and a second transcription terminator.

A secretory signal peptide sequence can also, optionally, be encoded bythe expression vector, operably linked to the coding sequence ofinterest, so that the expressed polypeptide can be secreted by therecombinant host cell, for more facile isolation of the polypeptide ofinterest from the cell, if desired.

Recombinant host cells comprising such vectors and expressing the heavyand light chains are also provided.

Purification

Methods of antibody purification are known in the art and can beemployed with production of the antibodies and bispecific antibodies ofthe present invention. In some embodiments of the invention, methods forantibody purification include filtration, affinity columnchromatography, cation exchange chromatography, anion exchangechromatography, and concentration. The filtration step preferablycomprises ultrafiltration, and more preferably ultrafiltration anddiafiltration. Filtration is preferably performed at least about 5-50times, more preferably 10 to 30 times, and most preferably 14 to 27times. Affinity column chromatography, may be performed using, forexample, PROSEP® Affinity Chromatography (Millipore, Billerica, Mass.).In a preferred embodiment, the affinity chromatography step comprisesPROSEP®-vA column chromatography. Eluate may be washed in a solventdetergent. Cation exchange chromatography may include, for example,SP-Sepharose Cation Exchange Chromatography. Anion exchangechromatography may include, for example but not limited to, Q-SepharoseFast Flow Anion Exchange. The anion exchange step is preferablynon-binding, thereby allowing removal of contaminants including DNA andBSA. The antibody product is preferably nanofiltered, for example, usinga Pall DV 20 Nanofilter. The antibody product may be concentrated, forexample, using ultrafiltration and diafiltration. The method may furthercomprise a step of size exclusion chromatography to remove aggregates.Further parameters of purification appear in the working exampleshereinafter.

The bispecific antibodies, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments mayalso be produced by other methods known in the art, for example bychemical coupling of antibodies and antibody fragments.

Each manuscript, research paper, review article, abstract, patentapplication, patent or other publication cited in this specification ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

WORKING EXAMPLES

The invention is further illuminated by the following working examples,which exemplify but do not limit the scope of the invention

Example 1 Fab Mutations Materials

A set of 43 human and humanized recombinant monoclonal antibodymolecules with different targets and different sequences were producedand purified according to a standard procedure (FIGS. 1A and 1B). Theset with equivalent purity of >98% by size exclusion chromatography(SEC) was collected. Samples were concentrated in a 3 mL maximum volumeusing Amicon Ultrafiltration Stirred Cell Model 8003 (Millipore,Billerica, Mass.) at 2-8° C. at a maximum pressure of 30±10 psi. Theywere concentrated up to 150 mg/mL according to approximate volumedepletion in a formulation buffer containing 20 mM acetate, 9% sucroseat pH 5.2 (without polysorbate), and final concentrations weredetermined (+10%) using the protein's absorbance at 280 nm (afterdilution to end up within 0.1-1 absorbance units (AU)) and aprotein-specific extinction coefficient.

Several low viscosity mutants of two mAbs were produced, purified andformulated according to a similar standard procedure. They included anantibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9,antibody AK) and against macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF,AO).

Viscosity Measurements

Viscosity analysis was performed on a Brookfield LV-DVIII cone and plateinstrument (Brookfield Engineering, Middleboro, Mass., USA) using aCP-40 spindle and sample cup. All measurements were performed at 25° C.,controlled by a water bath attached to the sample cup. Multipleviscosity measurements were collected, manually within a defined torquerange (10-90%) by increasing the RPM of the spindle. Measurements wereaveraged in order to report one viscosity value per sample to simplifythe resulting comparison chart

Sequence Alignment

A structure-based sequence alignment was performed by an Ab Initiosoftware tool developed using Excel Macros downloaded from theDepartment of Biochemistry of Zürich University.

Example 2 Fc Mutations Expression and Purification of Mutants Materialsand Methods

-   -   Anti-C-kit antibody (antibody BA, SEQ ID NOS: 174 and 176,        encoded by nucleic acids of SEQ ID NOS: 173 and 175,        respectively), anti-sclerostin antibody AH, and anti-PCSK9        antibody AK    -   Anti-streptavidin IgG1 and IgG2.    -   1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride        (EDC)    -   Solubilization with n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone    -   Size Exclusion High Performance Liquid Chromatography (SE-HPLC)        with Light Scattering (LS)    -   Reduced and alkylated reversed phase High Performance Liquid        Chromatography (RA RP-HPLC)    -   Trypsin peptide map with electro spray ionization mass        spectrometry (ESI-MS)    -   Cone and plate viscometer

Results SE-HPLC of EDC Cross-Linking of High Concentration MonoclonalAntibody Solutions Reveals Propensity to Form Oligomers

The compound 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC) was used to chemically cross-link acidic residues inthe antibody to primary amines in the antibody (N-terminus and/or Lysresidues) and has been used in other studies to determine the regions ofprotein-protein interaction. The proximity of the carboxyl group to theprimary amine is critical as an amide bond is formed between the twogroups (FIG. 16). The cross-links that form are likely salt bridges thatare present in solution. Carraway and Koshland, Jr. (1972).“Carbodiimide modification of proteins.” Methods Enzymol 25: 616-623. Apanel of antibodies was chemically cross-linked with EDC under identicalsolution conditions. Previous rheological studies had determined thatsome of the antibodies in the panel were viscous and some were not (FIG.17). The non-viscous antibodies had small increases in dimer content butdid not contain large amounts of higher order. In contrast, the viscousantibodies contained large amounts of dimer as well as higher orderoligomers. A summary is provided in FIG. 17. All of the antibodies thatwere identified as viscous contained EDC cross-linked species thatappeared to be larger than dimer. The appearance of the largeroligomeric species is concentration dependent (antibody AH is shown inFIG. 18 as an example). In order to facilitate further analysis,chemical cross-linking conditions were changed to drive thecross-linking reaction to completion. The solutions became solids afterchemical cross-linking at 200 mg/mL. The solids were re-solubilized withbuffer or a buffered 3% NMP solution. SE-HPLC analysis of both samplesshowed that the samples were similar. The buffered 3% NMP solutionsolubilized the protein significantly faster with more of the materialgoing into solution. Antibody AH was re-solubilized and analyzed furtheras an example.

Size Analysis by SE-HPLC with Online LS

The cross-linked antibody solutions were analyzed by SE-HPLC with onlinelight scattering to determine the size of the eluting species. SE-HPLCwas conducted with online light scattering analysis of antibody AH afterEDC chemical cross-linking and resolublization with 3% NMP. SE-HPLCrevealed three peaks present in the UV and RI. The first peak wasidentified as a species with a mass of 840.5 kD. This is close to theexpected mass for a hexamer of antibody AH of 873.2 kD. Another specieshad a mass of 494.6 kD, which is close to the predicted mass of 436.6 kDfor a trimer of antibody AH. The third species showed a mass of 139.9kD, which is close to the predicted mass of 145.5 kD for a monomer ofantibody AH.

Reduced and Alkylated Reversed Phase HPLC of EDC Cross-Linked AntibodyAH

The cross-linked antibody solutions were analyzed by reduced andalkylated reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Therecovery of the majority of both light chain (LC) and heavy chain (HC)was unexpected as it was presumed that either the HC or the LC would becross-linked to one another to form non-native LC-HC peptides ornon-native LC-LC or HC-HC peptides reflecting the cross-linked oligomersobserved by SEC analysis. In the case of antibody AH, the LC eluted inthe same place with the exact same mass as non-cross-linked antibody AHLC. There were changes in the HC in antibody AH that are concentrationdependent. There is a small amount of HC-HC cross-linked material(eluting at about 33 minutes, FIG. 21) that had an identified mass of100 kD. At 150 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL, the distribution of HC species issimilar. At lower protein concentrations, the distribution includes moreof a species that elutes at about 28.5 min. The distribution of HCspecies correlates with the amount of oligomer present in each sample asanalyzed by SEC with the 200 mg/mL sample containing the largest amountof hexamers and the 10 mg/mL sample containing very little oligomer. Thepattern was observed in other viscous antibody solutions.

Example 3 Nonhuman Primate Study of Pharmacokinetics andPharmacodynamics (PKPD) of the Anti-PCSK9 Parent Antibody AK and LowViscosity Mutants

Materials: antibody AK and its mutants. All mutations in heavy chain.

Fab Mutant: T82(72)R, R94(84)S, S95(85)R; Aho numbering (actualnumbering)

Fc Mutant S(434)K (S440K in EU numbering):

Double Mutant: T82(72)R, R94(84)S, S95(85)R; S(434)K:

Four groups of 4 male cynomolgus monkeys were used in this study. Eachgroup received 1 subcutaneous (SC) dose of 10 mg/kg as follows. Group 1received parent antibody AK (140 mg/ml); Group 2 received Fab mutant(210 mg/ml); Group 3 received Fc mutant (210 mg/ml); Group 4: Fab/Fcmutant (210 mg/ml). Groups 1 and 2 also had diluent control SC dose. Fabmutant included the following substitutions in positions T82(72)R,R94(84)S, S95(85)R. Fc mutant included substitution in position S(434)K.

To measure viscosity at 210 mg/ml, the parent and all mutants wereformulated at 210 mg/mL in 10 mM Acetate, 155 mM N-acetyl arginine(NAR), 70 mM ArgHCl, pH 5.4, 0.01% Polysorbate 80. Viscosity wasmeasured using ARG2 cone/plate at 1000 sec−1 and 25 C. See FIG. 15.

Study Design Outline:

4 groups of 4 male cynomolgus monkeys

-   -   Each group received 1 SC dose (10 mg/kg) of:        Group 1: parent antibody AK (140 mg/ml)        Group 2: Fab mutant (210 mg/ml)        Group 3: Fc mutant (210 mg/ml)        Group 4: Fab/Fc mutant (210 mg/ml)    -   Groups 1 and 2 also had diluent control subcutaneous dose    -   Skin biopsies taken at injection site 3 days after dosing    -   Histopath analysis performed    -   Plasma LDL, HDL, total cholesterol and PK followed for 6 weeks        post-dose

Study Conclusions

All 4 homologues produced marked LDL lowering

-   -   Maximal reduction 2 weeks after dosing: 1 week later than        previously observed for parent    -   The nadir of the effect was not quite as profound for the Fab/Fc        mutant (˜78% vs −90%)    -   Return to baseline appears slightly more accelerated for the Fc        mutant    -   PK: Mean exposures were similar (based on Cmax and AUClast)        between all treatment groups (within 1.4-fold)    -   Fab and/or Fc mutations in anti-PCSK9 antibody AK had no        significant effect on injection site reactions (ISR) or        Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PKPD) profile in nonhuman        primates (NHPs) (cynomolgus monkeys).        Fab Mutant: T82(72)R, R94(84)S, S95(85)R; Aho numbering (actual        numbering).        Fc Mutant: S(434)K (S440K in EU numbering).

Example 4 Production and Characterization of Low-Viscosity Mutants ofGIPR (2G10.006) Antibody AO Cloning. Expression, Purification and HighConcentration Formulation of Low Viscosity Mutants of Antibody AQ

GIPR (2G10.006) AQ parent is described in U.S. Provisional Application62/387,486 as 2G10_LC1.006 (SEQ ID NO: 74 of the cited patentapplication). The aforementioned US Patent Application is herebyincorporated by reference. Heavy chain mutant AQ (HC 1, 17, 85) withmutation sites Q1(1)E, R17(16)G, S85(75)A and light chain mutant AQ (LC4 13 76 95 97 98) with mutation sites M4(4)L, V13(13)L, A76(60)D,S95(77)R, Q97(79)E, S98(80)P were produced as follows. Synthetic genesfor GIPR (2G10.006) (antibody AQ) low viscosity mutants were produced,digested and ligated into plasmid expression vectors. Constructs wereverified by DNA sequencing. Stable cell pools were created byelectroporation of a clonal CHO host cell line. The pools were culturedunder selection until viability reached greater than 85%. Pools wereseeding into a fed-batch production culture for 10 days and centrifugedmedia was harvested.

Harvested supematants were sterile filtered and purified through a threecolumn chromatography process consisting of Protein A, cation exchange,and anion exchange, similar to the process described earlier (Shukla etal. (2007), “Downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies—Applicationof platform approaches,” J. Chrom. B 848: 28-39). The resulting purifiedpools were dialyzed into formulation buffer containing 20 mM acetate and9% sucrose at pH 5.2 (without polysorbate), achieving a final pH of ˜5.2and concentrated to approximately 150 mg/mL above 30 kDa cutoff filtervia centrifugal ultrafiltration (FIG. 20A).

Potency Measurements

Potency was measured by an assay utilizing mammalian cells 293/huGIPRexpressing glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR).The increasing concentrations of anti-GIPR parent AQ and thelow-viscosity mutants were blocking the interaction of GIP with GIPRwhich induced cAMP changes monitored during the assay. An application ofthe assay was earlier described in Tseng C. C. et al. (1996),“Postprandial stimulation of insulin release by glucose-dependentinsulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Effect of a specific glucose-dependentinsulinotropic polypeptide receptor antagonist in the rat,” J. Clin.Invest. 98: 2440-2445.

Viscosity Measurements

Viscosity analysis of AQ and two low viscosity mutants was performed onan Anton Paar Rheometer using a CP25-1/TG spindle. All measurements wereperformed at 25° C., controlled by a water bath attached to the samplecup. Viscosity measurements were collected manually with increasingshear rate from 0-2000 rpm. 10 viscosity measurement results at shearrate 1000 l/s and 10 viscosity measurement results at shear rate 2000l/s were collected for each sample and averaged to report one viscosityvalue per sample.

It needs to be noted that precision of viscosity measurements is muchbetter that accuracy, because the viscosity measurements are sensitiveto even minor changes in some parameters, such as the state of theviscometer, temperature in the room and some other minor parameters atthe time of the measurements. Therefore, it is important to measure allsamples of interest in one setting or, if samples of interest aremeasured in two settings, have the same reference standard in bothsettings.

Results

Anti-GIPR (2G10.006) antibody AQ belongs to high-viscosity germlinesubfamilies of heavy chain VH3|3-33 and light chain VK3|L16. Severalmutations derived from FIGS. 11 and 12 were made in frames in the effortto reduce viscosity of AQ. The viscosity of the parent AQ and the twomutants measured in one viscometer setting revealed the followingvalues: AQ—19.1 cP, AQ (HC 1, 17, 85)—15.8 cP, AQ (LC 4 13 76 95 97 98)—12.7 cP (FIG. 20). The heavy chain mutant AQ (HC 1, 17, 85) mutant wasat 83% and the light chain mutant AQ (LC 4 13 76 95 97 98) was at 67%relative to the parent AQ. FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate positions of themutants on the viscosity versus pI plots for VH3 and VK3 family members.The in vitro cAMP activity was equally unaffected by viscositymutations. The potency remained the same within the error margin of thein vitro cell-based assay (See FIG. 20B). To summarize, introducedmutations reduced viscosity without loss of the potency.

Example 5 GIPR Low Viscosity Mutant Light Chain V78F (LC V78F in AhoNumbering and LC V62F in Linear Numbering)

GIPR (2G10.006) antibody AQ showed a high viscosity of 23 cP at 150mg/mL in A52Su formulation. This antibody featured a low-frequencyresidue V78 in Aho numbering (V62 in linear numbering) in the kappalight chain (LC V78 Aho). The frequency of occurrence of V78 is <1%,while F78 is >98% in light chain sequences related to the kappagermline. The residue LC V78 attracted attention, because it was acovariance violator. Covariance analysis allows establishing pair-wiseconserved-residue positions based on the physiochemical properties ofthe residues in variable regions of antibodies, identifying incorrectlypositioned residues (which are often non-germline residues). Covarianceanalysis further may suggest replacing the amino acids at the deviatingpositions with more common germline sequences that lead to a largeconformational change uncovered by molecular-dynamics simulations(Kannan G., “Method of correlated mutational analysis to improvetherapeutic antibodies,” U.S. Ser. No. 61/451,929, PCT/US 2012/028596,WO 2012/125495). In an effort to eliminate the covariance violation andincrease the percentage of human sequences, the LC V78F mutation wasintroduced in the GIPR (2G10.006) antibody AQ.

Unexpectedly, viscosity of the mutant decreased by 25%, whilemaintaining similar potency for human GIPR as measured in cAMP(cell-based) assays. Both sequences, the GIPR (2G10.006) AQ parent andits LC V78F mutant are described in U.S. Provisional Application62/387,486 as 2G10_LC1.006 (SEQ ID NO: 74 of the cited application) and2G10_LC1.003 (SEQ ID NO: 71 of the cited application), respectively. TheUS Patent Application is hereby incorporated by reference. Newlydiscovered in the present invention is that such substitution resultedin about 25% reduction of viscosity by LC V78F mutation. Viscosityanalysis of the GIPR_2G10.006 AQ and its V78F mutant was performed at150 mg/ml in formulation containing 20 mM acetate, 9% sucrose at pH 5.2,0.01% polysorbate 80, 1000 shear rate and 25C using AR-G2 MagneticBearing Cone and Plate Rheometer from TA Instruments—Waters LLC. Coneplate size was 20 mm in diameter, 1.988° cone angle, equipped withSteel-990918 Peltier plate and operated using the Flow Sweep procedure.The measured viscosity values were 21 cP for GIPR_2G10.006 and 15.3 cPfor GIPR (2G10.003) LC V78F mutant, which is 25% decrease in viscosity.

As noted in the previous example, precision of viscosity measurements ismuch better that accuracy. Viscosity at 150 mg/mL with 0.01% polysorbateis typically 10% lower than without polysorbate, which was observed incase of GIPR (2G10.006). Its viscosity was 23 cP without polysorbate (asfor all 43 antibodies) and 21 cP with polysorbate.

Example 6 Cynomolgus Monkey Study

The antibodies designated as AK (control, also known as AMG 145 andevolocumab) and the Fab mutant, Fc mutant, and double mutant shown inExample 3 were generated using the methodology disclosed in Examples 1and 2. The pharmacokinetic properties of these antibodies were tested invivo by single subcutaneous bolus injection into male cynomolgusmonkeys.

Study Design

The study was conducted in male cynomolgus monkeys. The animals were 2.7to 3.8 years old and weighted between 2.9 to 3.8 kg. The animals wereacclimated to laboratory housing for 7 days before the initiation ofdosing. Criteria for selection included acceptable results from thepretreatment cholesterol levels (including LDL and HDL) levels. Beforethe initiation of dosing, all animals were randomized and assigned togroups using a computer-based randomization procedure.

The test and control articles were administered subcutaneously into themid-dorsal areas to the appropriate animals once on Day 1. The injectionsite(s) were shaved prior to administration and marked with indelibleink. The animals were temporarily restrained for dose administration andwere not sedated. The dose volume for each animal was based on the mostrecent body weight measurement. For Groups 1 and 2, dose solutions wereadministered via 2 subcutaneous injections on the back of each animal (1with test material, 1 with diluent). Injection sites were at least 5-6cm apart. The test material was administered on the right of the spinalcolumn for each animal. The diluent was delivered on the left of thespinal column for each animal. For Groups 3 and 4, dose solutions wereadministered via a single subcutaneous injection on the back of eachanimal. Dose levels and volumes for each group are summarized in FIG.21.

Blood samples were collected by venipuncture into tubes containingPotassium (K2) EDTA at various time points over the duration of thein-life portion of this study (43 days). Animals were not fasted priorto serum chemistry blood collections.

Samples were chilled following blood collections, and split forpreparation of either serum or plasma. Samples were mixed gently andcentrifuged. Blood samples were maintained on wet ice immediately aftercollection until centrifuged (1500-2000×g for approximately 10 minutes)at approximately 4° C. The resultant plasma or serum was separated anddivided into 2 aliquots (primary and backup), transferred toappropriately labeled polypropylene tubes, and stored in a freezer setto maintain at −80° C. until analysis. Plasma samples were used todetermine test article concentration for pharmacokinetic evaluation,serum samples were analyzed for cholesterol, HDL, and LDL.

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation

Plasma samples were analyzed for concentration of each test antibody(antibody AK, AK Fab mutant, AK S440K Fc mutant, and AK Fab/S440K doublemutant) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The assayuses recombinant human PCSK9 as the capture reagent and a horseradishperoxidase labeled antibody to human IgG1 as the detection reagent.Standards and quality control samples (QCs) are prepared by spikingantibody AK or low viscosity homologs into 100% cynomolgus monkeyK2-EDTA pool. Costar 96-well microplate wells (Corning Incorporated) arecoated with recombinant human PCSK9. After a blocking step, thestandards, matrix blank (NSB), QCs (QCs) and test samples are loadedinto the microplate wells after pre-treating with a dilution factor of100 in Blocker™ BLOTTO in TBS (Thermo Scientific). The antibody AK inthe samples is captured by the immobilized recombinant human PCSK9coated on the microplate. Unbound material is removed by washing themicroplate wells. Following washing, mouse anti-human IgG, Ab35, HRPconjugated detection antibody is added to the microplate wells to bindthe captured antibody AK. Unbound detection antibody is removed bywashing the microplate wells. A one component TMB solution is added tothe microplate wells for the detection of bound mouse anti-human IgGAb35 HRP conjugate. The TMB substrate solution reacts with peroxide and,in the presence of HRP, creates a colorimetric signal that isproportional to the amount of antibody AK, or low viscosity mutanthomolog, bound by the capture reagent. The color development is stoppedusing 2N sulfuric acid and the intensity of the color (optical densityor OD) is measured at 450 nm minus 650 nm. Data are reduced using Watsonversion 7.4 SP3 (or later) data reduction package using a 4 parameter(Marquardt) regression model with a weighting factor of 1.

Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using WinNonlinpharmacokinetic software. A non-compartmental approach consistent withthe subcutaneous route of administration was used for parameterestimation. All parameters were generated from individual concentrationsin plasma from Day 1. The following parameters were determined

Tmax (the time after dosing at which the maximum observed concentrationwas observed),

Cmax (the maximum observed concentration measured after dosing),

AUC (0-t) (the area under the concentration versus time curve from thestart of dose administration to the time after dosing at which the lastobserved quantifiable concentration using the linear or linear/logtrapezoidal method),

AUC (0-t)/D (the AUC(0-t) divided by the dose administered), and

RAUC (the area under the curve from T1 and T2 at steady state divided bythe area under the curve from T1 to T2 during the initial dosinginterval).

Results and Discussion

Test article concentrations plotted versus time are shown in FIGS. 24Aand 24B (mean concentrations for each test article, n=4 at each timepoint). Pharmacokinetic parameters for the four test articles aresummarized in FIG. 22. Antibodies containing the Fc mutation S440K (bothantibody AK (Fc mutant) and antibody AK (Fc and Fab double mutant)) showa reduced Tmax (0.81 and 1 days respectively versus 2.5 days) andincreased Cmax (125 and 112 μg/mL respectively versus 87.8 μg/mL)relative to antibody AK (control) and antibody AK (Fab mutant)indicating antibodies containing an Fc mutation that reduces viscosityare distributing more rapidly to the circulation following subcutaneousinjection.

Administration of all low viscosity homologues of antibody AK resultedin expected pharmacologic mild to moderate decreases in low densitylipoprotein (LDL) associated with decreased total cholesterolconcentration compared to baseline (Day −6). The magnitude of decreasefor total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol followingadministration of AK Fab mutant and AK S440K Fc mutant was generallysimilar to control animals with a trend toward recovery to baseline ofAK S440K Fc mutant on Day 25 and AK (control) and AK Fab mutant on Day29. The magnitude of decrease in total and low density lipoproteincholesterol for AK Fab/S440K double mutant was generally less pronouncedcompared to control (antibody AK at 10 mg/kg). There were no changes inhigh density lipoprotein in any AK low viscosity homologue. Percentagechanges in LDL-C relative to baseline are tabulated in FIG. 23 and areplotted versus time in FIGS. 24A and 24B.

Abbreviations

-   Abbreviated terms used throughout this specification are defined as    follows.-   AEI allelic expression imbalance-   ANOVA analysis of variance-   AUC area under the curve-   BSA bovine serum albumin-   DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium-   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide-   EDC 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride-   EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-   ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-   eQTL expression quantitative trait loci-   ESI-TOF electrospray ionization time of flight-   FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting-   FBS fetal bovine serum-   FPLC fast protein liquid chromatography-   FVB a strain of mice inbred for the Friend leukemia virus 1b (Fvlb)    allele-   H&E Hematoxylin and eosin-   HA hypoxanthine-   HIC hydrophobic interaction chromatography-   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography-   HRP horseradish peroxidase-   HUVEC human umbilical vein epithelial cell-   IBD inflammatory bowel disease-   IDMEM DMEM without glutamine-   IFN interferon-   IL interleukin-   MCP monocyte chenmotactic protein-   MSD macromolecular structure database-   PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cell-   PBS phosphate-buffered saline-   PCR polymerase chain reaction-   PEG polyethylene glycol-   PEI polyethylenimine-   QTL quantitative trait loci-   RPMI media developed at Roswell Park Memorial Institute-   SNP single nucleotide polymorphism-   TFA trifluoroacetic acid-   TMB 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of reducing the viscosity of an antigenbinding protein, which comprises making one or more modifications in thesequence of the antigen binding protein selected from: a. if the antigenbinding protein comprises the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily, modifying theVH1 sequence to comprise one or more substitutions selected from 82X¹,94X², and 95X³, wherein X¹ is selected from R, K and H, X² is selectedfrom S, T, N and Q and X³ is selected from R, K, and H; b. if theantigen binding protein comprises the VH3|3-33 germline subfamily,modifying the VH3 sequence to comprise one or more substitutionsselected from 1X⁴, 17X⁵, and 85X⁶, wherein X⁴ is selected from D and E,X⁵ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, and W, and X⁶ is selected fromG.A, V, I, L, and M; c. if the antigen binding protein comprises theVK3|L16 germline subfamily, modifying the VK3 sequence to comprise oneor more substitutions selected from 4X¹⁰, 13X¹¹, 76X¹², 78F, 95X¹³,97X¹⁴, and 98P, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹¹is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹² is selected from D and E, X¹³is selected from R, K and H, and X¹⁴ is selected from D and E; d. if theantigen binding protein comprises the VK3|L6 germline subfamily,modifying the VK3 sequence to comprise one or more substitutionsselected from 76X¹² and 95X¹³; e. modifying the Fc domain sequence tocomprise one or more substitutions selected from 253X¹⁵, 440X¹⁶, and439X¹⁷, wherein X⁵ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹⁶ isselected from R, K, and H, and X¹⁷ is selected from D and E, wherein theFc domain sequence comprises only one of 440X′⁶ and 439X¹⁷; and f.modifying the C-terminus of the Fc domain sequence to comprise X¹⁸X¹⁹wherein X¹⁸ is one to four amino acids selected from D and E or from H,K, and R, and X¹⁹ is selected from P, M, G, A, V, I, L, S, T, N, Q, F, Yand W and is absent when X¹⁸ comprises D or E, is present when X¹⁸comprises K or R at its C-terminal end, and is present or absent whenX¹⁸ comprises H at its C-terminal end; wherein the amino acids insubparagraphs a, b, c, and d are numbered according to the Aho numberingsystem and the amino acids in subparagraph e are numbered according tothe EU numbering system.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the antigenbinding protein comprises except as substituted the sequences of anantibody selected from FIGS. 1A and 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 166 and 168; 2 and4; 178 and 180; 170 and 172; 6 and 8; 10 and 12; 14 and 16; 18 and 20;22 and 24; 26 and 28; 30 and 32; 34 and 36; 38 and 40; 43 and 44; 46 and48; 50 and 52; 54 and 56; 58 and 60; 62 and 64; 66 and 68; 70 and 72; 74and 76; 78 and 80; 82 and 84; 86 and 88; 90 and 92; 94 and 96; 98 and100; 102 and 104; 106 and 108; 110 and 112; 114 and 116; 118 and 120;122 and 124; 126 and 128; 130 and 132; 134 and 136; 158 and 160; 138 and140; 142 and 144; 146 and 148; 150 and 152; and 154 and 156).
 3. Themethod of claim 1, which comprises modifying the VH1 sequence of anantigen binding protein comprising the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily tocomprise one or more substitutions selected from 82R, 94S, and 95R. 4.The method of claim 2, which comprises modifying the VH1 sequence of anantigen binding protein comprising the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily tocomprise substitutions 82R, 94S, and 95R.
 5. The method of claim 1,further comprising modifying the VH1 sequence of an antigen bindingprotein comprising the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily to comprisesubstitution 59X²⁰ wherein X²⁰ is selected from R, K and H.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising modifying the VH1 sequence of anantigen binding protein comprising the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily tocomprise substitution 59K.
 7. The method of claim 2, further comprisingmodifying the VH1 sequence of an antigen binding protein comprising theVH1|1-18 germline subfamily to comprise substitution 59K.
 8. The methodof claim 3, wherein the antigen binding protein except as substitutedcomprises the sequences of an antibody selected from antibodies AF, AK,AL, AN and AO from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS. 114 and 116; 134 and 136; 138and 140; 146 and 148; and 150 and 152).
 9. The method of claim 1, whichcomprises modifying the VH3 sequence of an antigen binding proteincomprising the VH3|3-33 germline subfamily to comprise one or moresubstitutions selected from 1E, 17G, and 85A.
 10. The method of claim 2,which comprises modifying the VH3 sequence of an antigen binding proteincomprising the VH3|3-33 germline subfamily to comprise substitutions 1E,17G, and 85A.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the antigen bindingprotein except as substituted comprises the sequences of an antibodyselected from antibodies AQ, AM, AI, and AG from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS:158 and 160; 142 and 144; 126 and 128; and 118 and 120).
 12. The methodof claim 1, which comprises modifying the VK3|L16 sequence of an antigenbinding protein to comprise one or more substitutions selected from 4L,13L, 76D, 78F, 95R, 97E, and 98P.
 13. The method of claim 2, whichcomprises modifying the VK3|L16 sequence of an antigen binding proteinto comprise substitutions 4L, 13L, 76D, 78F, 95R, 97E, and 98P.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the antigen binding protein except assubstituted comprises the sequences of an antibody selected fromantibodies AF and AQ from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 114 and 116; and 158 and160).
 15. The method of claim 1, which comprises modifying the VK3|L6sequence of an antigen binding protein to comprise one or moresubstitutions selected from 76D and 95R.
 16. The method of claim 2,which comprises modifying the VK3|L6 sequence of an antigen bindingprotein to comprise substitutions 76D and 95R.
 17. The method of claim16, wherein the antigen binding protein except as substituted comprisesthe sequences of antibody AJ from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 130 and 132). 18.The method of claim 1, which comprises modifying the Fc domain sequenceto comprise one or more substitutions selected from 253A, 440K, and439E.
 19. The method of claim 2, which comprises modifying the Fc domainsequence to comprise substitutions 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 20. The methodof claim 18, wherein the antigen binding protein comprises except assubstituted the sequences of an antibody selected from antibodies BA,AH, and AN (SEQ ID NOS: 174 and 176; 122 and 124; and 146 and 148). 21.The method of claim 1, which comprises modifying the C-terminus of theFc domain to comprise an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP(SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 22. The method of claim 2, which comprisesmodifying the C-terminus of the Fc domain to comprise an amino acidsequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 23. Themethod of claim 18, which comprises modifying the C-terminus of the Fcdomain to comprise an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP(SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 24. An antigen binding protein, which comprisesone or more sequence modifications selected from: a. a VH1|1-18 germlinesubfamily sequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from82X¹, 94X², and 95X³, wherein X¹ is selected from R, K and H, X² isselected from S, T, N and Q and X³ is selected from R, K, and H; b. aVH3|3-33 germline subfamily sequence comprising one or moresubstitutions selected from 1X⁴, 17X⁵, and 85X⁶, wherein X⁴ is selectedfrom D and E, X⁵ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, and X⁶ isselected from G.A, V, I, L, and M; c. a VK3|L16 germline subfamilysequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from 4X¹⁰, 13X¹¹,76X¹², 95X¹³, 97X¹⁴, and 98P, wherein X¹⁰ is selected from G, A, V, I,L, and M, X¹¹ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M, X¹² is selectedfrom D and E, X¹³ is selected from R, K and H, and X¹⁴ is selected fromD and E, wherein the antigen binding protein does not comprise onlysubstitution 78F; d. a VK3|L6 germline subfamily sequence comprising oneor more substitutions selected from 76X¹² and 95X¹³; e. an Fc domainsequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from 253X¹⁵,440X¹⁶, and 439X¹⁷, wherein X¹⁵ is selected from G, A, V, I, L, and M,X¹⁶ is selected from R, K, and H, and X¹⁷ is selected from D and E,wherein the Fc domain sequence comprises only one of 440X′⁶ and 439X¹⁷and wherein the antigen binding protein comprises at least one of 253X¹⁵or modifications selected from subparagraphs a, b, c, d and f when X¹⁶is K or X¹⁷ is E and the antigen binding protein specifically bindsCD20; and f. an Fc domain sequence comprising X¹⁸X¹⁹ at its C-terminuswherein X¹⁸ is one to four amino acids selected from D and E or from H,K, and R, and X¹⁹ is selected from P, M, G, A, V, I, L, S, T, N, Q, F, Yand W and is absent when X¹⁸ comprises D or E, is present when X¹⁸comprises K or R at its C-terminal end, and is present or absent whenX¹⁸ comprises H at its C-terminal end, and wherein the antigen bindingprotein comprises at least one of 253X¹⁵ or substitutions selected fromsubparagraphs a through e when PGKP (SEQ ID NO:381), PGKKP (SEQ IDNO:382), PGKKKP (SEQ ID NO:383), or PGE appears at the C-terminus of theFc domain and the antigen binding protein specifically binds CD20 orCD38; wherein the amino acids in subparagraphs a, b, c, and d arenumbered according to the Aho numbering system and the amino acids insubparagraph e are numbered according to the EU numbering system. 25.The antigen binding protein of claim 24, wherein the antigen bindingprotein comprises except as substituted sequences of an antibodyselected from FIGS. 1A and 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 166 and 168; 2 and 4; 178 and180; 170 and 172; 6 and 8; 10 and 12; 14 and 16; 18 and 20; 22 and 24;26 and 28; 30 and 32; 34 and 36; 38 and 40; 43 and 44; 46 and 48; 50 and52; 54 and 56; 58 and 60; 62 and 64; 66 and 68; 70 and 72; 74 and 76; 78and 80; 82 and 84; 86 and 88; 90 and 92; 94 and 96; 98 and 100; 102 and104; 106 and 108; 110 and 112; 114 and 116; 118 and 120; 122 and 124;126 and 128; 130 and 132; 134 and 136; 158 and 160; 138 and 140; 142 and144; 146 and 148; 150 and 152; and 154 and 156).
 26. The antigen bindingprotein of claim 24, wherein the VH1|1-18 germline subfamily sequencecomprises one or more substitutions selected from 82R, 94S, and 95R. 27.The antigen binding protein of claim 25, wherein the VH1|1-18 germlinesubfamily sequence comprises substitutions 82R, 94S, and 95R.
 28. Theantigen binding protein of claim 24, wherein the VH1|1-18 germlinesubfamily sequence comprises substitution 59X²⁰ wherein X²⁰ is selectedfrom R, K and H.
 29. The antigen binding protein of claim 24, whereinthe VH1|1-18 germline subfamily sequence comprises substitution 59K. 30.The antigen binding protein of claim 25, wherein the VH1|1-18 germlinesubfamily sequence comprises substitution 59K.
 31. The antigen bindingprotein of claim 30, wherein the antigen binding protein comprisesexcept as substituted sequences of an antibody selected from antibodiesAF, AK, AL, AN and AO from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS. 114 and 116; 134 and136; 138 and 140; 146 and 148; and 150 and 152).
 32. The antigen bindingprotein of claim 24, wherein the VH3|3-33 germline subfamily sequencecomprises one or more substitutions selected from 1E, 17G, and 85A. 33.The antigen binding protein of claim 25, wherein the VH3|3-33 germlinesubfamily sequence comprises substitutions 1E, 17G, and 85A.
 34. Theantigen binding protein of claim 33, wherein the antigen binding proteincomprises except as substituted sequences of an antibody selected fromantibodies AQ, AM, AI, and AG from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 158 and 160; 142and 144; 126 and 128; and 118 and 120).
 35. The antigen binding proteinof claim 24, wherein the VK3|L16 sequence comprises one or moresubstitutions selected from 4L, 13L, 76D, 78F, 95R, 97E, and 98P. 36.The antigen binding protein of claim 25, wherein the VK3|L16 sequencecomprises substitutions 4L, 13L, 76D, 95R, 97E, and 98P.
 37. The antigenbinding protein of claim 26, wherein the VK3L16 sequence comprises oneor more substitutions selected from 4L, 13L, 76D, 95R, 97E, and 98P. 38.The antigen binding protein of claim 29, wherein the VK3|L16 sequencecomprises one or more substitutions selected from 4L, 13L, 76D, 95R,97E, and 98P.
 39. The antigen binding protein of claim 32, wherein theVK3|L16 sequence comprises one or more substitutions selected from 4L,13L, 76D, 95R, 97E, and 98P.
 40. The antigen binding protein of claim36, wherein the antigen binding protein except as substituted comprisesthe sequences of an antibody selected from antibodies AF and AQ fromFIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 114 and 116; and 158 and 160).
 41. The antigenbinding protein of claim 24, wherein the VK3|L6 sequence comprises oneor more substitutions selected from 76D and 95R.
 42. The antigen bindingprotein of claim 25, wherein the VK3|L6 sequence comprises substitutions76D and 95R.
 43. The antigen binding protein of claim 26, wherein theVK3|L6 sequence comprises substitutions 76D and 95R.
 44. The antigenbinding protein of claim 29, wherein the VK3|L6 sequence comprisessubstitutions 76D and 95R.
 45. The antigen binding protein of claim 32,wherein the VK3|L6 sequence comprises substitutions 76D and 95R.
 46. Theantigen binding protein of claim 39, wherein the antigen binding proteinexcept as substituted comprises the sequences of antibody AJ from FIG.1B (SEQ ID NOS: 130 and 132).
 47. The antigen binding protein of claim24 comprising an Fc domain sequence comprising one or more substitutionsselected from 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 48. The antigen binding protein ofclaim 25 comprising an Fc domain sequence comprising one or moresubstitutions selected from 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 49. The antigenbinding protein claim 42, wherein the antigen binding protein comprisesexcept as substituted the sequences of an antibody selected fromantibodies BA, AH, and AN (SEQ ID NOS: 174 and 176; 122 and 124; and 146and 148).
 50. The antigen binding protein of claim 24 comprising an Fcdomain sequence comprising one or more substitutions selected fromsubstitutions 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 51. The antigen binding protein ofclaim 26 comprising an Fc domain sequence comprising one or moresubstitutions selected from substitutions 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 52. Theantigen binding protein of claim 29 comprising an Fc domain sequencecomprising one or more substitutions selected from 253A, 440K, and 439E.53. The antigen binding protein of claim 32 comprising an Fc domainsequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from 253A, 440K,and 439E.
 54. The antigen binding protein of claim 35 comprising an Fcdomain sequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from 253A,440K, and 439E.
 55. The antigen binding protein of claim 37 comprisingan Fc domain sequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from253A, 440K, and 439E.
 56. The antigen binding protein of claim 38comprising an Fc domain sequence comprising one or more substitutionsselected from 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 57. The antigen binding protein ofclaim 39 comprising an Fc domain sequence comprising one or moresubstitutions selected from 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 58. The antigenbinding protein of claim 41 comprising an Fc domain sequence comprisingone or more substitutions selected from 253A, 440K, and 439E.
 59. Theantigen binding protein of claim 42 comprising an Fc domain sequencecomprising one or more substitutions selected from 253A, 440K, and 439E.60. The antigen binding protein of claim 43 comprising an Fc domainsequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from 253A, 440K,and 439E.
 61. The antigen binding protein of claim 44 comprising an Fcdomain sequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from 253A,440K, and 439E.
 62. The antigen binding protein of claim 45 comprisingan Fc domain sequence comprising one or more substitutions selected from253A, 440K, and 439E.
 63. The antigen binding protein of claim 24, whichcomprises at the C-terminus of the Fc domain an amino acid sequenceselected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 64. The antigenbinding protein of claim 26, which comprises at the C-terminus of the Fcdomain an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ IDNO:380), and E.
 65. The antigen binding protein of claim 29, whichcomprises at the C-terminus of the Fc domain an amino acid sequenceselected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 66. The antigenbinding protein of claim 32, which comprises at the C-terminus of the Fcdomain an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ IDNO:380), and E.
 67. The antigen binding protein of claim 35, whichcomprises at the C-terminus of the Fc domain an amino acid sequenceselected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 68. The antigenbinding protein of claim 37, which comprises at the C-terminus of the Fcdomain an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ IDNO:380), and E.
 69. The antigen binding protein of claim 38, whichcomprises at the C-terminus of the Fc domain an amino acid sequenceselected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 70. The antigenbinding protein of claim 39, which comprises at the C-terminus of the Fcdomain an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ IDNO:380), and E.
 71. The antigen binding protein of claim 41, whichcomprises at the C-terminus of the Fc domain an amino acid sequenceselected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 72. The antigenbinding protein of claim 42, which comprises at the C-terminus of the Fcdomain an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ IDNO:380), and E.
 73. The antigen binding protein of claim 43, whichcomprises at the C-terminus of the Fc domain an amino acid sequenceselected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 74. The antigenbinding protein of claim 44, which comprises at the C-terminus of the Fcdomain an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ IDNO:380), and E.
 75. The antigen binding protein of claim 45, whichcomprises at the C-terminus of the Fc domain an amino acid sequenceselected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ ID NO:380), and E.
 76. The antigenbinding protein of claim 47, which comprises at the C-terminus of the Fcdomain an amino acid sequence selected from KP, KKP, KKKP (SEQ IDNO:380), and E.
 77. An antigen binding protein that specifically bindsPCSK9 comprising the heavy and light chain sequences of a PCSK-9 bindingpolypeptide except that said antigen binding protein comprises a set ofsubstitutions selected from FIG. 10: a. T82R, R94S, and S95R in theheavy chain, b. S59K, T82R, R94S, and S95R in the heavy chain, c. T82R,R94S, and S95R in the heavy chain and G13L in the light chain, and d.S59K, T82R, R94S, and S95R in the heavy chain and G13L in the lightchain; wherein the amino acids are numbered according to the Ahonumbering system.
 78. An antigen binding protein of claim 77 wherein thePCSK-9 binding polypeptide comprises the heavy and light chain sequencesof antibody AK from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 134 and 136).
 79. An antigenbinding protein that specifically binds PCSK9 that comprises the heavychain sequence (SEQ ID NO: 136) of antibody AK of FIG. 1B except thatsaid heavy chain comprises one or more of the substitutions I253A,S440K, or K439E wherein the amino acids are numbered according to the EUnumbering system.
 80. The antigen binding protein of claim 77, whereinthe heavy chain further comprises one or more of the substitutionsI253A, S440K, or K439E wherein the amino acids are numbered according tothe EU numbering system.
 81. An antigen binding protein thatspecifically binds PCSK9 comprising an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOS: 352, 353, and
 354. 82. The antigen binding protein of claim81 further comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS:351 and
 367. 83. An antigen binding protein that specifically bindsc-fms comprising the heavy and light chain sequences of antibody AO ofFIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 150 and 152) except that said antigen bindingprotein comprises a set of substitutions selected from FIG. 10: a. T82R,R94S, and S95R in the heavy chain, b. S59K, T82R, R94S, and S95R in theheavy chain, c. T82R, R94S, and S95R in the heavy chain and V13L in thelight chain, and d. S59K, T82R, R94S, and S95R in the heavy chain andV13L in the light chain; wherein the amino acids are numbered accordingto the Aho numbering system.
 84. An antigen binding protein thatspecifically binds c-fms comprising an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOS: 356, 357, and
 358. 85. The antigen binding protein of claim84 further comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 355. 86. Anantigen binding protein that specifically binds GIPR comprising an aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 359, 361, 362, 364, and
 368. 87.The antigen binding protein of claim 86 further comprising an amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOS: 360, 363, 365, and
 367. 88. Theantigen binding protein of claim 24 wherein: a. the antigen bindingprotein comprises the substitution 440X¹⁶ relative to a parentalantibody lacking the 440X¹⁶ substitution, b. the antigen binding proteinreaches maximum serum concentration after subcutaneous injection fasterthan the parental antibody when the antigen binding protein and theparental antibody are administered at the same concentration, and c. theantigen binding protein reaches a maximum serum concentration aftersubcutaneous injection that is higher than that of the parental antibodywhen the antigen binding protein and the parental antibody areadministered at the same concentration.
 89. The antigen binding proteinof claim 88 wherein the antigen binding protein of claim 88 reachesmaximum serum concentration at least about twice as fast as the parentalantibody.
 90. The antigen binding protein of claim 88 wherein theantigen binding protein of claim 88 reaches a maximum serumconcentration that is at least about 25% higher than that of theparental antibody.
 91. The antigen binding protein of claim 88 whereinthe parental antibody is a PCSK-9 binding polypeptide.
 92. The antigenbinding protein of claim 88 wherein the parental antibody is antibody AKfrom FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 134 and 136).
 93. The antigen binding proteinof claim 88 wherein X¹⁶ is K.
 94. The antigen binding protein of claim89 wherein X¹⁶ is K.
 95. The antigen binding protein of claim 90 whereinX¹⁶ is K.
 96. The antigen binding protein of claim 91 wherein X¹⁶ is K.97. The antigen binding protein of claim 92 wherein X¹⁶ is K.
 98. Amethod of preparing an antigen binding protein that reaches a highermaximum serum concentration than does a parental antibody and reachesthe maximum serum concentration faster than does a parental antibodywhen both are administered at the same concentration, which comprisesintroducing sequence modification 440X¹⁶ in the parental antibodywherein X¹⁶ is selected from R, K, and H.
 99. The method of claim 98wherein the antigen binding protein reaches maximum serum concentrationat least twice as fast as does the parental antibody.
 100. The method ofclaim 98 wherein X¹⁶ is K.
 101. The method of claim 99 wherein X¹⁶ is K.102. The method of claim 98 wherein the parental antibody is a PCSK9binding polypeptide.
 103. The method of claim 99 wherein the parentalantibody is a PCSK9 binding polypeptide.
 104. The method of claim 100wherein the parental antibody is a PCSK9 binding polypeptide.
 105. Themethod of claim 98 wherein the parental antigen binding protein isantibody AK from FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 134 and 136).
 106. The method ofclaim 99 wherein the parental antigen binding protein is antibody AKfrom FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NOS: 134 and 136).
 107. The method of claim 100wherein the parental antigen binding protein is antibody AK from FIG. 1B(SEQ ID NOS: 134 and 136).
 108. A method of treating a PCSK9-relatedindication in a patient, which comprises administering the antigenbinding protein of claim
 81. 109. The method of claim 108 wherein thePCSK9-related indication is hypercholesterolemia.
 110. A method oftreating a PCSK9-related indication in a patient, which comprisesadministering the antigen binding protein of claim
 82. 111. The methodof claim 110 wherein the PCSK9-related indication ishypercholesterolemia.
 112. A method of treating a PCSK9-relatedindication in a patient, which comprises administering the antigenbinding protein of claim
 88. 113. The method of claim 112 wherein thePCSK9-related indication is hypercholesterolemia.